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EC number: 233-660-5 | CAS number: 10294-40-3
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 1973 - 1989
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: See 'Remarks'
- Remarks:
- The EU RAR summarises the results of a number of acute invertebrate toxicity studies which, individually, have limitations regarding study design and reliability. However, the results of these studies when taken as a whole, provide an adequate estimate of the acute toxicity to aquatic invertebrates. The data are considered to fulfil the criteria laid down in Annex XI to Regulation 1907/2006: adequate for classification and labelling, adequate coverage of key parameters (lethality), exposure duration comparable or longer that Article 13(3) methods ( 48 hours), adequate documentation provided: EU RAR, of which parts have been copied to this endpoint record. Reliability for endpoint also increased based on test results from several species.
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- review article or handbook
- Title:
- Unnamed
- Year:
- 2 005
Materials and methods
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- no guideline followed
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Several studies, collectively, provide a weight-of-evidence to support the acute toxicity
- GLP compliance:
- no
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Chromium
- EC Number:
- 231-157-5
- EC Name:
- Chromium
- Cas Number:
- 7440-47-3
- Molecular formula:
- Cr
- IUPAC Name:
- chromium
Constituent 1
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- For some invertebrates, toxicity data is available for more than one of the chromium (VI) compounds included in this assessment. The limited available information indicates that, when expressed on a total chromium concentration, there are no significant differences between the toxicity of sodium chromate, sodium dichromate and potassium dichromate (allowing for differences in water properties). This is as would be expected if the equilibria between the chromate and dichromate anions are established in the test medium. Little information is available for ammonium dichromate and chromic acid, but it would be expected that their toxicity would be similar to that of the other chromates/dichromates, when expressed on a total
chromium concentration basis.
Sampling and analysis
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Details on sampling:
- Various sampling procedures based on multiple studies
Test solutions
- Details on test solutions:
- Various test media prepared based on multiple studies in freshwater and salt water
Test organisms
- Test organisms (species):
- other: Range of species tested
Study design
- Test type:
- other: Range of test designs used
Test conditions
- Hardness:
- Range used from multiple studies
- Test temperature:
- Range used from multiple studies
- pH:
- Range used from multiple studies
- Dissolved oxygen:
- Range used from multiple studies
- Salinity:
- Range used from multiple studies
- Details on test conditions:
- Range used from multiple studies
Results and discussion
Effect concentrations
- Duration:
- 24 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- >= 1.2 mg/L
Any other information on results incl. tables
Species |
Method |
Chemical tested |
Hardness (mg/l) |
Endpoint (mg Cr/l) |
Reference |
INVERTEBRATES - freshwater - short-term (48-96h) studies |
|||||
Crustaceans |
|||||
Asellus aquaticus(sowbug) |
- |
Chromic chloride |
- |
48h-EC50= 937 96h-EC50= 442 |
DOSE, 1993 |
Crangonyx pseudogracilis (amphipod) |
- |
Chromic chloride |
48h-EC50= 388 96h-EC50= 291 |
DOSE, 1993 |
|
Daphnia magna(water flea) |
- |
Chromic chloride |
- |
24h-EC50= 111 |
DOSE, 1993 |
Daphnia magna(water flea) |
S; N |
Chromic chloride |
- |
EC50= 1.2 |
Anderson, 1948 |
Daphnia magna(water flea) |
S; M |
Chromic nitrate |
52 |
EC50= 16.8 |
Chapman et al (unpublished) |
92 |
EC50= 27.4 |
||||
110 |
EC50= 26.3 |
||||
195 |
EC50= 51.4 |
||||
215 |
EC50= 58.7 |
||||
Gammarussp. (amphipod) |
S; M |
- |
50 |
EC50= 3.2 |
Rehwoldt et al, 1973 |
Orconectes limosus (crayfish) |
S; M |
Chromic chloride |
- |
EC50= 6.6 |
Boutet and Cheismemartin, 1973 |
Insects |
|||||
Caddis fly (unidentified) |
S; M |
- |
50 |
EC50= 58 |
Rehwoldt et al, 1973 |
Chironomussp. (midge) |
S; M |
- |
50 |
EC50= 11.0 |
Rehwoldt et al, 1973 |
Damselfly (unidentified ) |
S; M |
- |
50 |
EC50= 43.1 |
Rehwoldt et al, 1973 |
Ephemarella subvaris (mayfly) |
S; N |
Chromic chloride |
44 |
EC50= 2.0 |
Warnick and Bell, 1969 |
Hydropsyche bettoni(caddis fly) |
S; M |
Chromic chloride |
44 |
EC50= 64.0 |
Warnick and Bell, 1969 |
Molluscs |
|||||
Amnicolasp. (snail; embryo) |
S; M |
- |
50 |
EC50= 12.4 |
Rehwoldt et al, 1973 |
Amnicolasp. (snail; adult) |
S; M |
- |
50 |
EC50= 12.4 |
Rehwoldt et al, 1973 |
Annelids |
|||||
Neissp.(worm) |
S; M |
- |
50 |
EC50= 9.3 |
Rehwoldt et al, 1973 |
INVERTEBRATES - saltwater - short-term (48-96h) studies |
|||||
Crassostrea virginica (eastern oyster) |
S; U |
Chromic chloride |
EC50= 10.3 |
Calabrese et al, 1973 |
|
Ophtyotrocha diadema (polychaete worm) |
S |
Chromic chloride |
32‰ |
48h-EC50= 100 |
Parker, 1984 |
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- From the available data, it can be seen that chromium (III) appears to be less toxic than chromium (VI) in waters of medium hardness (>50 mg CaCO3). In lower hardness waters the acute toxicity increases; there are also indications that NOEC values decrease with decreasing hardness. There are insufficient data to carry out an HC5 calculation for chromium (III). From the freshwater data reported in Appendix F, long-term NOEC values are 0.05 mg/l for fish and 0.047 mg/l for invertebrates, and >2 mg/l for algae (although an EC50 of 0.32 mg/l is reported for another species). The fish and invertebrate values relate to hardness levels of 26 and 52 mg/l respectively. Applying an assessment factor of 10 to the lowest available NOEC gives a tentative PNEC for chromium (III) of 4.7 μg/l for soft water. This is similar to that derived for chromium (VI) above, but the two values are not directly comparable as they are based on very different data sets. However, this may indicate that in low hardness waters the two forms may not be very different in effect. The NOEC from the same invertebrate study at a hardness of 100 mg/l was 0.129 mg/l, which would give a ‘PNEC’ of 13 μg/l. The data indicate that chromium (III) may have reduced toxicity at greater hardness levels, but as with chromium (VI) the evidence is limited (these comments relate to chronic toxicity).
The PNEC is at the lower end of the range of published criteria/standards for the protection of aquatic life. For example, the UK Environmental Quality Standard for total chromium in freshwater ranges from 5 to 50 μg/l (dependent on water hardness) and in saltwater it is 15 μg/l.
It should also be noted that the PNEC for chromium (III) refers to the dissolved water concentration. In laboratory tests, water soluble forms of chromium (III) have generally been used. However, in the environment, chromium (VI) is likely to be reduced to forms of chromium (III) with limited water solubility, which will be associated mainly with the particulate (sediment and suspended matter) phases of the water compartment.
In summary, the PNEC values for the surface water compartment are 3.4 μg/l for chromium (VI) and 4.7 μg/l for chromium (III).
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