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EC number: 234-746-5 | CAS number: 12030-88-5
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Eye irritation
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- eye irritation: in vitro / ex vivo
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Potassium superoxide induction of rabbit corneal endothelial cell damage
- Author:
- Hull DS
- Year:
- 1 984
- Bibliographic source:
- Curr Eye Res. 3(11):1321-8
Materials and methods
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Perfusion of rabbit corneal endothelial cells with a Krebs Ringer bicarbonate solution to which the test substance had been added.
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Potassium superoxide
- EC Number:
- 234-746-5
- EC Name:
- Potassium superoxide
- Cas Number:
- 12030-88-5
- Molecular formula:
- KO2
- IUPAC Name:
- potassium; molecular oxygen
- Test material form:
- solid
Constituent 1
Test animals / tissue source
- Species:
- rabbit
- Strain:
- other: albino
- Details on test animals or tissues and environmental conditions:
- Corneal endothelial cells mounted in a specular microscope
Test system
- Vehicle:
- other: Krebs Ringer bicarbonate solution containing 28 mM glucose
- Remarks:
- without adenosine and glutathione
- Controls:
- yes, concurrent vehicle
- Amount / concentration applied:
- Concentrations of 0.3, 0.5, 0.7 and 1.0 mM
- Duration of treatment / exposure:
- 1 hour (at a perfusion rate of 1 mL/h) after a rapid perfusion with 10 mL of the solution
- Duration of post- treatment incubation (in vitro):
- one half hour
- Number of animals or in vitro replicates:
- 5 corneas per experimental group
- Details on study design:
- Perfusion of rabbit corneal endothelial cells (at 37°C, 15 mm Hg,1 mL/h) with a Krebs Ringer bicarbonate solution (bubbled mixture of 97% oxygen - 3% CO2, mean osmolarity: 308mOsm, pH: 7.3) to which the test substance had been added (with in addition: SOD, catalase, ascorbic acid, D-mannitol, EDTA, DETAPAC, EDTA + FeCL2, or DMSO). Silicone oil (Dow Corning 360 Medical Fluid) was placed on the epithelial surface to prevent dehydration.
After an 1 hour stabilization period with a perfusion of KBR, the corneal thickness was recorded. KBR was then added to the pulverized potassium superoxide. Immediately after, corneas were perfused rapidly with 10 ml of the KO2 solution to completely replace the KBR into the microscope perfusing chamber. The perfusion with the KO2 solution continued for 1 hour at a rate of 1 ml/h and was followed by an one-half hour perfusion with KBR.
Tissues were prepared for either electron microscopy or determination of intracellular glutathione. The concentration of H2O2 was detrmined by spectrophotometric assay using dichlorophenol-indophenol. The reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium was used to establish the generation of oxygen free radicals by the KO2 solution.
The corneal swelling rate was determined by linear regression analysis. A comparison of experimental and control regression lines was made by analysis of covariance (Snedecor GW and Cochran WG 1967). Variance in the data was expressed as the mean +/- 95% confidence limits.
Results and discussion
In vitro
Results
- Irritation parameter:
- other: corneal swelling
- Run / experiment:
- corneal thickness measurement
- Value:
- 0.5
- Vehicle controls validity:
- valid
- Other effects / acceptance of results:
- Perfusion with solutions containing different concentrations of the test substance led to O2- production and subsequent H2O2 generation through the dismutation reaction.
Concentrations of the test substance of 0.5 mM and higher resulted in severe anatomic and physiologic alteration (disrupted morphology) of endothelial cells that resulted in corneal swelling (dose- and time-dependent patterns). Perfusion with 0.3 mM test substance resulted in an initial corneal swelling the first one-half hour, but a recovery thereafter.
The addition of catalase to the perfusion medium containing KO2 prevented both anatomic alteration of endothelial cells and corneal swelling. The addition of SOD, ascorbic acid, D-mannitol, EDTA, DETAPAC, EDTA + FeCL2, or DMSO did not modify the corneal swelling rate induced by perfusion with the KO2 solution.
Endothelial intracellular glutathione levels and redox state were unaffected by perfusion with 0.3 mM of the test substance.
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Interpretation of results:
- study cannot be used for classification
- Conclusions:
- Under the study conditions, the test substance was found to be irritating to rabbit corneas.
- Executive summary:
A study was conducted to evaluate the eye irritation potential of the test substance in rabbit corneas. The study was performed following the protocol of McCarey BE et al., 1973, i.e. ''Perfusion of ex vivo rabbit corneas''. Rabbit corneal endothelial cells were perfused with a Krebs Ringer bicarbonate solution to which the test substance (at 0.3 to 1.0 mM) had been added along with superoxide dismutase, ascorbic acid, DETAPAC, EDTA, EDTA-FeCl2, or DMSO. Concentrations of test substance of 0.5 mM and higher resulted in severe anatomic and physiologic alteration of endothelial cells that resulted in corneal swelling. Catalase offered protection whereas the toxic effect was unaltered by superoxide dismutase, ascorbic acid, DETAPAC, EDTA, EDTA-FeCl2, or DMSO. Under the study conditions, the test substance was found to be irritating to rabbit corneas (Hull, 1984).
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