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EC number: 200-279-0 | CAS number: 56-54-2
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Endpoint summary
Administrative data
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Genetic toxicity in vitro
Description of key information
Link to relevant study records
- Endpoint:
- in vitro gene mutation study in bacteria
- Remarks:
- Type of genotoxicity: gene mutation
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Tests were performed at Microbiological Associates Inc. and SRI International. The study is not done according to OECD guideline. But it is a well documented study.
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Ames testSalmonella typhimurium strains TA97, TA98, TA100, TA1535, and TA1537 were obtained from Dr. Bruce Ames (University of California, Berkeley) and were stored as recommended (Maron and Ames, 1983). Cultures were grown overnight with shaking at 37°C in Oxoid No. 2 broth, and their phenotypes were analyzed prior to their use for mutagenicity assays. The S-9 (9,OOOg supernatant) fractions of Aroclor 1254-induced, male Sprague-Dawley rat and male Syrian hamster livers were prepared as described previously (Haworth et al, 1983). The S-9 mixes were prepared immediately prior to use and contained either 10% or 30% S-9; occasionally, other levels were used. All chemicals were tested in the absence of metabolic activation and with rat and hamster S-9 fractions.The preincubation assay was performed as described previously (Haworth et al., 1983), with some differences, as described below. The test chemical (0.05 ml), Salmonella culture (0.1 ml) and S-9 mix or buffer (0.5 ml) were incubated at 37°C, without shaking, for 20 min. The top agar was added and the contents of the tubes were mixed and poured onto the surface of petri dishes containing Vogel-bonner medium. The histidine-independent colonies arising on these plates were counted following two days incubation at 37°C. Plates were machine counted (New Brunswick, NJ; Artek, Farmingdale, NY) unless precipitate was present which interfered with the count, or the color of the test chemical on the plate reduced the contrast between the colonies and the background agar. At the discretion of the investigators, plates with low numbers of colonies were counted by hand. At least five doses of each chemical were tested in triplicate. Experiments were repeated at least one week following the initial trial. A maximum of 0.05 ml solvent was added to each plate. Concurrent solvent and positive controls were run with each trial.
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Type of assay:
- bacterial reverse mutation assay
- Species / strain / cell type:
- S. typhimurium TA 100
- Additional strain / cell type characteristics:
- not specified
- Species / strain / cell type:
- S. typhimurium TA 1535
- Additional strain / cell type characteristics:
- not specified
- Species / strain / cell type:
- S. typhimurium TA 97
- Additional strain / cell type characteristics:
- not specified
- Species / strain / cell type:
- S. typhimurium TA 98
- Additional strain / cell type characteristics:
- not specified
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Metabolic activation system:
- male Syrian Hamster, Liver, S-9, Aroclor 1254 (10%)
- Test concentrations with justification for top dose:
- 33 - 3333 µg/PlateIn the first lab (Microbiological Associates Inc, MIC) 0 µg/Plate, 33 µg/Plate, 100 µg/Plate, 333 µg/Plate, 1000 µg/Plate and 2000 µg/Plate were used. In the second lab (SRI International) 0 µg/Plate, 33 µg/Plate, 100 µg/Plate, 333 µg/Plate, 1000 µg/Plate, 1666 µg/Plate and 3333 µg/Plate were used.
- Vehicle / solvent:
- Vehicle(s)/solvent(s) used: DMSO
- Untreated negative controls:
- not specified
- Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
- yes
- True negative controls:
- not specified
- Positive controls:
- yes
- Positive control substance:
- 9-aminoacridine
- sodium azide
- other: 4-nitro-o-phenylenediamine, 2-aminoanthracene
- Remarks:
- Positive controls in the absence of metabolic activation were sodium azide (TA1535 and TA100), 9-aminoacridine (TA97 and TA1537), and 4-nitro-o-phenylenediamine (TA98). Positive control for metabolic activation with all strains was 2-aminoanthracene.
- Details on test system and experimental conditions:
- METHOD OF APPLICATION: preincubation
- Species / strain:
- S. typhimurium TA 100
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Genotoxicity:
- negative
- Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
- cytotoxicity
- Remarks:
- 2000 µg/plate quinidine
- Vehicle controls validity:
- valid
- Untreated negative controls validity:
- not specified
- Positive controls validity:
- valid
- Species / strain:
- S. typhimurium TA 1535
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Genotoxicity:
- negative
- Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
- cytotoxicity
- Remarks:
- 2000 µg/plate quinidine
- Vehicle controls validity:
- valid
- Untreated negative controls validity:
- not specified
- Positive controls validity:
- valid
- Species / strain:
- S. typhimurium TA 97
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Genotoxicity:
- negative
- Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
- cytotoxicity
- Remarks:
- 2000 µg/plate quinidine
- Vehicle controls validity:
- valid
- Untreated negative controls validity:
- not specified
- Positive controls validity:
- valid
- Species / strain:
- S. typhimurium TA 98
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Genotoxicity:
- negative
- Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
- cytotoxicity
- Remarks:
- 2000 µg/plate quinidine
- Vehicle controls validity:
- valid
- Untreated negative controls validity:
- not specified
- Positive controls validity:
- valid
- Remarks on result:
- other: strain/cell type: Ames Salmonella typhimurium
- Remarks:
- Migrated from field 'Test system'.
- Conclusions:
- Interpretation of results (migrated information):negative with metabolic activationnegative without metabolic activationThe genetic toxicity of quinidine was determined using the Ames test with and without metabolic activation. For the four Salmonella typhimurium strains TA 100, TA 1535, TA 97 and TA 98 no mutations were detected. From the result it can be concluded, that quinidine has no mutagenic effects.
- Executive summary:
In the in vitro study publication by Zeiger et al., 1988 the genotoxicity of quinidine was determined with the Ames Test on the four Salmonella typhimurium strains TA 100, TA 1535, TA 97 and TA 98 with and without metabolic activation. For all strains no mutations were detected up to 3333 µg quinidine per plate. Therefore, we can be conclude, that quinidine is not genotoxic.
Reference
1. Lab: MIC (Microbiological Associates), Solvent: DMSO
TA100 | TA1535 | TA97 | |||||||
Dose (µg/Plate) | NA | 10 % HLI | 10% RLI | NA | 10 % HLI | 10% RLI | NA | 10 % HLI | 10% RLI |
0 | 108 +0.9 | 88 +5.5 | 109 +5.6 | 36 +0.3 | 12 +1.9 | 12 +4.0 | 100 +5.7 | 145 +8.2 | 142 + 6.8 |
33 | 105 +3.1 | 106 +4.3 | 115 +6.0 | 42 +3.5 | 7 +1.2 | 15 +2.2 | 96 +13.7 | 131 +1.8 | 142 +8.6 |
100 | 91 +4.4 | 101 +5.2 | 105 +4.1 | 44 +1.5 | 15 +2.1 | 13 +1.3 | 97 +5 .9 | 154 +4 .9 | 130 +4.1 |
333 | 102 +9.1 | 96 +2.0 | 112 +5.3 | 56 +0.6 | 14 +1.8 | 12 +1.3 | 93 +8.0 | 161 +7.5 | 111 +3.9 |
1000 | 103 +10.7 | 103 +7.0 | 115 +5.7 | 36s +2.8 | 13 +4.2 | 12s +1.8 | 71s +8.4 | 171 +4.7 | 131s +6.6 |
2000 | t | 120s +2.9 | 125 +9.3 | 32s +4.0 | 11s +0.3 | 11s +1.8 | t | 185s +22.8 | 116s +17.2 |
POS | 922 +26.3 | 1042 +105.6 | 1625 +17.6 | 1199 +18.7 | 71 +3.1 | 97 +4.2 | 1147 +118.5 | 760 +12.7 | 1058 +33.1 |
TA98 | |||||
Dose (µg/Plate) | NA | 5 % HLI | 10 % HLI | 30 % HLI | 10 % RLI |
0 | 20 +2.0 | 32 +1.5 | 26 +1.5 | 28 +4.9 | 45 +2.5 |
33 | 18 +1.9 | 32 +2.4 | 34 +3.2 | 28 +4.9 | 32 +2.0 |
100 | 18 +4.6 | 36 +4.7 | 30 +2.6 | 28 +4.6 | 37 +1.5 |
333 | 21 +0.9 | 33 +0.3 | 32 +4.3 | 31 +2.2 | 42 +5.0 |
1000 | 20s +1.2 | 31 +4.3 | 26 +7.5 | 33 +1.9 | 41 +2.3 |
2000 | 18s +4.5 | 29s +2.6 | 41s +3.2 | 38s +3.0 | 51s +1.5 |
POS | 2047 +34.3 | 2376 +13.6 | 1571 +87.7 | 1552 +37.5 | 1819 +8.7 |
2. Lab: SRI (SRI International), Solvent: DMSO
TA100 | |||||
Dose (µg/Plate) | NA | 10 % HLI | 30 % HLI | 10 % RLI | 30 % RLI |
0 | 112 +5.5 | 115 +0.9 | 135 +7.1 | 118 +9.7 | 133 +4.0 |
33 | 102 +3.5 | 135 +12.5 | 115 +10.5 | 107 +4.3 | 127 +6.7 |
100 | 120 +3.5 | 124 +14.8 | 114 +4.9 | 115 +8.2 | 136 +2.5 |
333 | 133 +14.7 | 148 +0.6 | 138 +7.3 | 131 +8.4 | 131 +6.0 |
1000 | 114 +7.4 | 112 +10.8 | 139 +15.1 | 115 +7.2 | 140 +11.9 |
1666 | 131 +4.2 | 134 +11.3 | |||
3333 | 0s +0.3 | 1s +0.9 | 0s +0.0 | ||
POS | 757 +53.9 | 2419 +26.3 | 585 +12.0 | 1034 +34.2 | 380 +27.6 |
TA1535 | |||||
Dose (µg/Plate) | NA | 10 % HLI | 30 % HLI | 10 % RLI | 30 % RLI |
0 | 18 +0.6 | 8 +2.3 | 10 +2.2 | 6 +0.6 | 13 +2.3 |
33 | 25 +3.3 | 7 +2.6 | 11 +0.9 | 5 +1.2 | 14 +1.9 |
100 | 21 +2.6 | 7 +0.7 | 3 +0.5 | 8 +1.0 | 19 +5.0 |
333 | 21 +4.4 | 6 +0.9 | 8 +2.9 | 7 +1.9 | 16 +5.8 |
1000 | 15 +0.3 | 4 +1.2 | 9 +1.5 | 2 +0.6 | 14 +1.5 |
1666 | 10 +3.3 | 10 +2.0 | |||
3333 | 1s +0.6 | 0s +0.0 | 0s +0.3 | ||
POS | 596 +19.1 | 539 +31.1 | 408 +4.6 | 310 +9.3 | 118 +2.0 |
TA97 | |||||
Dose (µg/Plate) | NA | 10 % HLI | 30 % HLI | 10 % RLI | 30 % RLI |
0 | 133 +11.0 | 162 +5.0 | 168 +9.6 | 186 +12.4 | 169 +7.8 |
33 | 149 +5.5 | 193 +9.9 | 151 +28.9 | 195 +3.8 | 180 +37.3 |
100 | 134 +20.0 | 203 +10.2 | 153 +18.6 | 191 +9.6 | 215 +32.5 |
333 | 164 +5.5 | 208 +7.4 | 203 +10.4 | 201 +1.8 | 170 +5.8 |
1000 | 145 +8.4 | 165 +24.5 | 199 +8.3 | 152 +11.1 | 212 +6.2 |
1666 | 196 +18.3 | 132 +26.4 | |||
3333 | 3s +1.2 | 1s +0.6 | 17s +4.3 | ||
POS | 1844 +77.2 | 2255 +36.6 | 1097 +20.9 | 1479 +49.5 | 475 +19.9 |
TA98 | |||||
Dose (µg/Plate) | NA | 10 % HLI | 30 % HLI | 10 % RLI | 30 % RLI |
0 | 19 +3.2 | 24 +2.3 | 28 +3.9 | 16 +1.7 | 28 +2.1 |
33 | 12 +0.3 | 26 +1.3 | 20 +4.6 | 18 +3.2 | 28 +6.3 |
100 | 16 +2.1 | 17 +2.0 | 23 +1.8 | 21 +2.0 | 28 +2.3 |
333 | 14 +0.6 | 22 +3.6 | 22 +3.0 | 14 +0.9 | 28 +3.7 |
1000 | 18 +2.1 | 12 +3.8 | 22 +3.5 | 8 +0.7 | 28 +3.4 |
1666 | 28 +5.5 | 29 +5.2 | |||
3333 | 1s +0.9 | 0s +0.0 | 1s +0.7 | ||
POS | 1489 +52.9 | 1444 +57.2 | 391 +17.7 | 513 +25.8 | 207 +18.7 |
NA: not activated; HLI: Aroclor 1254-induced hamster liver S-9; RLI: Aroclor 1254-induced rat liver S-9; t: complete clearing of background lawn (colonies not counted); s: slight clearing of background lawn
Endpoint conclusion
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no adverse effect observed (negative)
Additional information
In the in vitro study publication by Zeiger et al., 1988 the genotoxicity of quinidine was determined with the Ames test on the four Salmonella typhimurium strains TA 100, TA 1535, TA 97 and TA 98 with and without metabolic activation. For all strains no mutations were detected up to 3333 µg quinidine per plate. Therefore, we can conclude that quinidine is not genotoxic.
Justification for selection of genetic toxicity endpoint
The study is not done according to OECD guideline, but it is a well documented study.
Justification for classification or non-classification
The results of the Ames test of quinidine were negative. Therefore, we can conclude that quinidine has no mutagenic effects and does not need to be classified.
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