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Please be aware that this old REACH registration data factsheet is no longer maintained; it remains frozen as of 19th May 2023.
The new ECHA CHEM database has been released by ECHA, and it now contains all REACH registration data. There are more details on the transition of ECHA's published data to ECHA CHEM here.
Diss Factsheets
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EC number: 228-845-2 | CAS number: 6362-79-4
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Toxicological Summary
- Administrative data
- Workers - Hazard via inhalation route
- Workers - Hazard via dermal route
- Workers - Hazard for the eyes
- Additional information - workers
- General Population - Hazard via inhalation route
- General Population - Hazard via dermal route
- General Population - Hazard via oral route
- General Population - Hazard for the eyes
- Additional information - General Population
Administrative data
Workers - Hazard via inhalation route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 10.6 mg/m³
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- developmental toxicity / teratogenicity
- Route of original study:
- Oral
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 25
- Modified dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEC
- Value:
- 265 mg/m³
- Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:
- Based on Guidance Document, Chapter R.8, Appendix R.8-2. A 50% absorption via oral vs. inhalation was assumed
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- Justification:
- Clear NOAEC value was assigned
- AF for differences in duration of exposure:
- 1
- Justification:
- Based on a develpmental effect, no exposure duration adjustment applied
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 1
- Justification:
- Not applicable, correction of oral to inhalation (rat to human) already performed
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 1
- Justification:
- Not applicable
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 5
- Justification:
- Default value
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- Justification:
- The quality of the whole database was judged adequate
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 5
- Justification:
- Remaining uncertainty for result based on a positive finding in an OECD 422 study (Guidance Document, Chapter R.8, Appendix R.8-12)
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- hazard unknown (no further information necessary)
DNEL related information
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- hazard unknown (no further information necessary)
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- hazard unknown (no further information necessary)
DNEL related information
Workers - Hazard via dermal route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 1.2 mg/kg bw/day
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- developmental toxicity / teratogenicity
- Route of original study:
- Oral
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 250
- Modified dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEL
- Value:
- 300 mg/kg bw/day
- Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:
- Assumed equivalent bioavailability between oral and dermal routes of exposure.
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- Justification:
- Clear NOAEL value was assigned
- AF for differences in duration of exposure:
- 1
- Justification:
- Based on a develpmental effect, no exposure duration adjustment applied
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 4
- Justification:
- Rat to human
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 2.5
- Justification:
- Default value
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 5
- Justification:
- Default value
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- Justification:
- The quality of the whole database was judged adequate
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 5
- Justification:
- Remaining uncertainty for result based on a positive finding in an OECD 422 study (Guidance Document, Chapter R.8, Appendix R.8-12)
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- hazard unknown (no further information necessary)
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Workers - Hazard for the eyes
Local effects
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- medium hazard (no threshold derived)
Additional information - workers
Default procedures for the calculation of DNEL values were employed as described in the REACH technical guidance documents (Chapter R.8). The most relevant dose descriptor chosen for generation of worker DNEL values was a 300 mg/kg bw/d NOAEL from an oral rat study conducted according to OECD Guideline 422. The highest dose level tested of 1000 mg/kg bw/day showed only minimal systemic toxicological effects and was assigned as the NOAEL. A NOAEL for local effects of 300 mg/kg bw/d was also assigned in this study based on minimal irritation of the forestomach in the rat. However, developmental toxicity was observed at the highest dose level tested consisting of a significantly altered sex ratio of offspring. Since a possible relationship to treatment could not be excluded, this effect gave a NOAEL for developmental effects of 300 mg/kg bw/day. This latter value was chosen for purposes of risk assessment and calculation of DNEL values.
General Population - Hazard via inhalation route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 2.6 mg/m³
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- developmental toxicity / teratogenicity
- Route of original study:
- Oral
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 50
- Modified dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEC
- Value:
- 130 mg/m³
- Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:
- Based on Guidance Document, Chapter R.8, Appendix R.8-2. A 50% absorption via oral vs. inhalation was assumed
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- Justification:
- A clear NOAEC value was derived
- AF for differences in duration of exposure:
- 1
- Justification:
- Based on a develpmental effect, no exposure duration adjustment applied
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 1
- Justification:
- Not applicable, correction of oral to inhalation (rat to human) already performed
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 1
- Justification:
- Not applicable
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 10
- Justification:
- Default
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- Justification:
- The quality of the whole database was judged adequate
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 5
- Justification:
- Remaining uncertainty for result based on a positive finding in an OECD 422 study (Guidance Document, Chapter R.8, Appendix R.8-12)
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- hazard unknown (no further information necessary)
DNEL related information
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- hazard unknown (no further information necessary)
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- hazard unknown (no further information necessary)
DNEL related information
General Population - Hazard via dermal route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 0.6 mg/kg bw/day
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- developmental toxicity / teratogenicity
- Route of original study:
- Oral
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 500
- Modified dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEL
- Value:
- 300 mg/kg bw/day
- Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:
- Assumed equivalent bioavailability between oral and dermal routes of exposure.
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- Justification:
- A clear NOAEL was defined
- AF for differences in duration of exposure:
- 1
- Justification:
- Based on a develpmental effect, no exposure duration adjustment applied
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 4
- Justification:
- Rat to human
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 2.5
- Justification:
- Default
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 10
- Justification:
- Default
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- Justification:
- The quality of the whole database was judged adequate
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 5
- Justification:
- Remaining uncertainty for result based on a positive finding in an OECD 422 study (Guidance Document, Chapter R.8, Appendix R.8-12)
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- hazard unknown (no further information necessary)
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
General Population - Hazard via oral route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 0.6 mg/kg bw/day
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- developmental toxicity / teratogenicity
- Route of original study:
- Oral
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 500
- Modified dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEL
- Value:
- 300 mg/kg bw/day
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- Justification:
- A clear NOAEL was defined
- AF for differences in duration of exposure:
- 1
- Justification:
- Based on a develpmental effect, no exposure duration adjustment applied
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 4
- Justification:
- Rat to human
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 2.5
- Justification:
- Default
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 10
- Justification:
- Default
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- Justification:
- The quality of the whole database was judged adequate
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 5
- Justification:
- Remaining uncertainty for result based on a positive finding in an OECD 422 study (Guidance Document, Chapter R.8, Appendix R.8-12)
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
General Population - Hazard for the eyes
Local effects
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- medium hazard (no threshold derived)
Additional information - General Population
Default procedures for the calculation of DNEL values were employed as described in the REACH technical guidance documents (Chapter R.8). As discussed for worker DNEL derivations, a NOAEL value of 300 mg/kg bw/day for developmental toxicity from a sub-acute oral gavage study in the rat was selected as the key endpoint.
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
Reproduction or further distribution of this information may be subject to copyright protection. Use of the information without obtaining the permission from the owner(s) of the respective information might violate the rights of the owner.