Registration Dossier
Registration Dossier
Data platform availability banner - registered substances factsheets
Please be aware that this old REACH registration data factsheet is no longer maintained; it remains frozen as of 19th May 2023.
The new ECHA CHEM database has been released by ECHA, and it now contains all REACH registration data. There are more details on the transition of ECHA's published data to ECHA CHEM here.
Diss Factsheets
Use of this information is subject to copyright laws and may require the permission of the owner of the information, as described in the ECHA Legal Notice.
EC number: 238-735-6 | CAS number: 14691-80-6
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Endpoint summary
Administrative data
Description of key information
Acute oral toxicity: One key study is available. The study is performed in accordance with OECD TG 420 and under the conditions of GLP. No dose descriptor is assigned as the LD50 was determined to be in the range of > 300 < 2000 mg/kg bw.
Acute inhalation toxicity: One key study is available. The study was performed on an analogous substance and in accordance an appropriate guideline and under the conditions of GLP. No dose descriptor is assigned as the LC50 was determined to be a greater than value.
Acute dermal toxicity: One key study is available. The study was performed on an analogous substance and in accordance with OECD TG 402 and under the conditions of GLP. No dose descriptor is assigned as the LD50 was determined to be a greater than value (>2,000 mg/kg bw).
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Acute toxicity: via oral route
Link to relevant study records
- Endpoint:
- acute toxicity: oral
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- The study was performed between 26 June 2012 and 2 August 2012
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 420 (Acute Oral Toxicity - Fixed Dose Method)
- Deviations:
- no
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- EU Method B.1 bis (Acute Oral Toxicity - Fixed Dose Procedure)
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- yes (incl. QA statement)
- Remarks:
- Date of GLP inspection: 19-21 July 2011 Date of Signature on GLP certificate: 31 August 2011
- Test type:
- fixed dose procedure
- Limit test:
- yes
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- Wistar
- Sex:
- female
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Harlan Laboratories UK Limited, Bicester, Oxon, UK
- Age at study initiation: At the start of the study the animals were eight to twelve weeks of age.
- Weight at study initiation: The bodyweight variation did not exceed ± 20% of the initial/mean bodyweight of any previously dosed animal(s).
- Fasting period before study: overnight fast immediately before dosing
- Housing: The animals were housed in groups of up to four in suspended solid floor polypropylene cages furnished with woodflakes.
- Diet (e.g. ad libitum): 2014 Teklad Global Rodent diet supplied by Harlan Laboratories UK Limited, Bicester, Oxon, UK was allowed ad libitum throughout the study.
- Water (e.g. ad libitum): free access to mains drinking water.
- Acclimation period: at least five days.
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°C): 19 to 25°C
- Humidity (%): 30 to 70%
- Air changes (per hr): The rate of air exchange was at least fifteen changes per hour.
- Photoperiod (hrs dark / hrs light): lighting was controlled by a time switch to give twelve hours continuous light (06:00 to 18:00) and twelve hours darkness.
IN-LIFE DATES: From: Day 1 To: Day 14 - Route of administration:
- oral: gavage
- Vehicle:
- water
- Details on oral exposure:
- VEHICLE
- Concentration in vehicle: For the purpose of the study the test material was freshly prepared, as required, as a suspension in distilled water to give a dose levels of 300 mg/kg and 2000 mg/kg bodyweight.
- Amount of vehicle: Not stated
- Justification for choice of vehicle: Distilled water was the preferred vehicle of the test method.
- Lot/batch no.: Not applicable
- Purity: Not applicable
MAXIMUM DOSE VOLUME APPLIED: 10 ml/kg
DOSAGE PREPARATION: Not applicable
CLASS METHOD: Not applicable
- Rationale for the selection of the starting dose: In the absence of data regarding the toxicity of the test item, 300 mg/kg was chosen as the starting dose. - Doses:
- Dosing regimen:
A single animal was treated with the starting dose of 300 mg/kg bw. In this absence of toxicity on this animal an additional animal was treated with 2000 mg/kg bw. As this animal exhibited no toxicity an additional 4 animals were treated with 2000 mg/kg be of the test material (a total of 5 animals were treated with 2000 mg/kg bw). Due to mortality and signs of systemic toxicity in the animals tested at 2000 mg/kg bw an additional group of 4 animals were treated with 300 mg/kg bw (a total of 5 animals were treated with 300 mg/kg bw). - No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 5 females at 2000 mg/kg
5 females at 300 mg/kg - Control animals:
- no
- Details on study design:
- - Duration of observation period following administration:
14 days
- Frequency of observations and weighing:
Clinical observations were made ½, 1, 2, and 4 hours after dosing and then daily for fourteen days. Morbidity and mortality checks were made twice daily. Individual bodyweights were recorded on Day 0 (the day of dosing) and on Days 7 and 14.
- Necropsy of survivors performed:
Yes
- Other examinations performed:
Clinical signs, body weight. - Preliminary study:
- A sighting test at a dose level of 300 mg/kg was performed and a sighting test at a dose level of 2000 mg/kg was performed.
- Sex:
- female
- Dose descriptor:
- LD50
- Effect level:
- > 300 - < 2 000 mg/kg bw
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Remarks on result:
- other: 95% confidence limits not given in study report.
- Mortality:
- Dose Level - 2000 mg/kg: Two animals were found dead one or two days after dosing.
Dose Level - 300 mg/kg: There were no deaths. - Clinical signs:
- other: Dose level - 2000mg/kg: Signs of systemic toxicity noted were hunched posture, pilo-erection, ptosis, lethargy and ataxia. Surviving animals appeared normal one, five or six days after dosing. Dose level - 300mg/kg: No signs of systemic toxicity were not
- Gross pathology:
- Dose level - 2000mg/kg: Abnormalities noted at necropsy of animals that died during the study were dark liver, dark spleen, dark kidneys and haemorrhagic gastric mucosa. A raised limiting ridge of the stomach and pale gastric mucosa were noted at necropsy of one animal that was killed at the end of the study. No abnormalities were noted at necropsy of the remaining animals that were killed at the end of the study.
Dose level - 300mg/kg: No abnormalities were noted at necropsy. - Other findings:
- - Organ weights: Not recorded
- Histopathology: Not recorded
- Potential target organs: Not recorded
- Other observations: None - Interpretation of results:
- Category 4 based on GHS criteria
- Conclusions:
- The acute oral median lethal dose (LD50) of the test material in the female Wistar strain rat was estimated to be in the range of 300 - 2000 mg/kg bodyweight (EU CLP - Category 4).
This study is considered to be reliable and acceptable for use as a key study in accordance with Regulation (EC) No. 1907/2006 (REACH) and for the purposes of classification and labelling in accordance with Regulation (EC) No. 1272/2008 (EU CLP). - Executive summary:
.
Reference
Table 1. Individual Clinical Observations and Mortality Data -2000mg/kg
Dose Level mg/kg |
Animal Number and Sex |
Effects Noted After Dosing |
Effects Noted During Period After Dosing |
||||||||||||||||
½ |
1 |
2 |
4 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
8 |
9 |
10 |
11 |
12 |
13 |
14 |
||
2000 |
2-0 Female |
0 |
0 |
0 |
H |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
3-0 Female |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
H |
H |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
3-1 Female |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
HP |
H |
H |
HP |
H |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
3-2 Female |
0 |
0 |
0 |
HAPPtL |
X |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||
3-3 Female |
0 |
0 |
0 |
HLP |
HAP |
X |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 = No signs of systemic toxicity
H = Hunched posture
P = Pilo-erection
Pt = Ptosis
L = Lethargy
A = Ataxia
X
= Animal dead
Table 2. Individual Bodyweights and Bodyweight Changes -2000mg/kg
Dose Level mg/kg |
Animal Number and Sex |
Bodyweight (g) at Day |
Bodyweight (g) |
Bodyweight Gain (g) During Week |
|||
0 |
7 |
14 |
1 |
2 |
|||
2000 |
2-0 Female |
162 |
179 |
187 |
|
17 |
8 |
3-0 Female |
186 |
202 |
217 |
16 |
15 |
||
3-1 Female |
180 |
174 |
213 |
- 6 |
39 |
||
3-2 Female |
165 |
- |
- |
160 |
- |
- |
|
3-3 Female |
166 |
- |
- |
153 |
- |
- |
Table 3. Individual Necropsy Findings -2000 mg/kg
Dose Level |
Animal Number |
Time of Death |
Macroscopic Observations |
||||
2000 |
2-0 Female |
Killed Day 14 |
Stomach: raised limiting ridge Gastric mucosa: pale |
||||
3-0 Female |
Killed Day 14 |
No abnormalities detected |
|||||
3-1 Female |
Killed Day 14 |
No abnormalities detected |
|||||
3-2 Female |
Animal found dead Day 1 |
Liver: dark Spleen: dark Kidneys: dark Gastric mucosa: haemorrhagic |
|||||
3-3 Female |
Animal found dead Day 2 |
Liver: dark Spleen: dark Kidneys: dark Gastric mucosa: haemorrhagic |
Table 4. Individual Clinical Observations and Mortality Data - 300mg/kg
Dose Level mg/kg |
Animal Number and Sex |
Effects Noted After Dosing |
Effects Noted During Period After Dosing |
||||||||||||||||
½ |
1 |
2 |
4 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
8 |
9 |
10 |
11 |
12 |
13 |
14 |
||
300 |
2-0 Female |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
3-0 Female |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
3-1 Female |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
3-2 Female |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
3-3 Female |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0= No signs of systemic toxicity
Table 5. Individual Bodyweights and Bodyweight Changes - 300mg/kg
Dose Level mg/kg |
Animal Number and Sex |
Bodyweight (g) at Day |
Bodyweight Gain (g) During Week |
|||
0 |
7 |
14 |
1 |
2 |
||
300 |
2-0 Female |
162 |
187 |
202 |
25 |
15 |
3-0 Female |
182 |
199 |
216 |
17 |
17 |
|
3-1 Female |
188 |
197 |
220 |
9 |
23 |
|
3-2 Female |
183 |
199 |
214 |
16 |
15 |
|
3-3 Female |
189 |
214 |
230 |
25 |
16 |
Table 6. Individual Necropsy Findings - 300mg/kg
Dose Level |
Animal Number |
Time of Death |
Macroscopic Observations |
300 |
2-0 Female |
Killed Day 14 |
No abnormalities detected |
3-0 Female |
Killed Day 14 |
No abnormalities detected |
|
3-1 Female |
Killed Day 14 |
No abnormalities detected |
|
3-2 Female |
Killed Day 14 |
No abnormalities detected |
|
3-3 Female |
Killed Day 14 |
No abnormalities detected |
Endpoint conclusion
- Endpoint conclusion:
- adverse effect observed
- Quality of whole database:
- LD50 > 2,000 mg/kg bw
The study is conducted under the conditions of GLP and in accordance with an appropriate guideline (OECD 420). This study has been assigned a Klimisch reliability of 1.
Acute toxicity: via inhalation route
Link to relevant study records
- Endpoint:
- acute toxicity: inhalation
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- No data
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
- Justification for type of information:
- REPORTING FORMAT FOR THE ANALOGUE APPROACH
See read-across justification report under Section 13 ‘Assessment Reports’.
1. HYPOTHESIS FOR THE ANALOGUE APPROACH
In accordance with REACH Annex XI, Section 1.5, of Regulation (EC) No. 1907/2006 (REACH) the standard testing regime may be adapted in cases where a grouping or read-across approach has been applied.
The similarities may be based on:
(1) a common functional group
(2) the common precursors and/or the likelihood of common breakdown products via physical or biological processes, which result in structurally similar chemicals; or
(3) a constant pattern in the changing of the potency of the properties across the category
(1) The source and target substances are both inorganic salts of a monovalent cation from Group 1A of the periodic table, sodium or potassium, and pyrophosphoric acid. Thus, they all share the Na+ or K+ cation and the P2O74- anion as common functional groups.
(2) All members of the group will ultimately dissociate into the common breakdown products of the Na+ or K+ cations and the P2O74- anion.
(3) The pyrophosphate ion is the simplest form of a condensed phosphate group. A condensed phosphate anion has one or several P-O-P bonds. As the group contains only two phosphate groups, both of the phosphorus ions are classified as “terminal phosphorus”. The pyrophosphate can undergo ionisation with loss of H+ from each of the two –OH groups on each P and therefore can occur in the -1, -2 -3 or -4 state. The degree of ionisation is dependent upon the associated cations and the ambient pH (if in solution). Therefore the above substances have a pyrophosphate anion that is likely to behave in a similar way. In addition, the sodium and potassium cations are key elements in various cellular processes their import and export over cell membranes is regulated via pore systems and usually tightly regulated. As such, the presence of varying quantities of such cations is not expected to have an impact on the toxicity of the substances detailed above therefore as the both ionic components of the substance are common the results of toxicity studies can be reliably read-across within the group.
2. SOURCE AND TARGET CHEMICAL(S) (INCLUDING INFORMATION ON PURITY AND IMPURITIES)
See read-across justification report under Section 13 ‘Assessment Reports’.
3. ANALOGUE APPROACH JUSTIFICATION
See read-across justification report under Section 13 ‘Assessment Reports’.
4. DATA MATRIX
See read-across justification report under Section 13 ‘Assessment Reports’. - Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across: supporting information
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- EPA OPP 81-3 (Acute inhalation toxicity)
- Deviations:
- yes
- Remarks:
- - minor deviations: the chamber and room humidity was slightly higher than recommended in the guideline
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 403 (Acute Inhalation Toxicity)
- Deviations:
- yes
- Remarks:
- - minor deviations: the chamber and room humidity was slightly higher than recommended in the guideline
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- EU Method B.2 (Acute Toxicity (Inhalation))
- Deviations:
- yes
- Remarks:
- - minor deviations: the chamber and room humidity was slightly higher than recommended in the guideline
- GLP compliance:
- yes (incl. QA statement)
- Test type:
- standard acute method
- Limit test:
- yes
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- Sprague-Dawley
- Sex:
- male/female
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Charles River Laboratories, Kingston, NY
- Age at study initiation: The actual age of the rats was not specified, only that they were young adults.
- Weight at study initiation (± SD): Males: 318 ± 11.4 g; Females: 249 ± 12.6 g
- Fasting period before study: No data
- Housing: Animals were housed individually in stainless steel suspended rat cages. Deosorb bedding was used in the litter pans.
- Diet: Purina Laboratory Rodent Chow 5001 available ad libitum
- Water: Tap water available ad libitum
- Acclimation period: Minimum of 5 days
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°C): 21 - 23 °C (quoted in the study as 69 - 74 °F)
- Humidity (%): 42 - 77%
- Air changes (per hr): 14.2 air changes per hour
- Photoperiod (hrs dark / hrs light): 12 h fluorescent light and 12 h dark cycle - Route of administration:
- inhalation: dust
- Type of inhalation exposure:
- whole body
- Vehicle:
- other: unchanged (no vehicle)
- Details on inhalation exposure:
- GENERATION OF TEST ATMOSPHERE / CHAMBER DESCRIPTION
- Exposure apparatus: The Rochester type exposure chamber was made of stainless steel and glass and was operated dynamically. The calculated 99% equilibrium time for the chamber at a flow rate of 35.6 L per minute was 19.4 minutes (equivalent to 14.2 "air changes per hour").
- Exposure chamber volume: 150 L
- Method of holding animals in test chamber: The test animals were assigned to and housed in individual compartments of a wire mesh cage bank (all on the same horizontal level) during the exposure.
- Source and rate of air: Breathing grade compressed air was used and the total chamber air flow rate was 35.6 L/minute.
- Method of conditioning air: No data
- System of generating particulates/aerosols: The test material was generated using a BGI Wright Dust Feeder II. The test material was desiccated and packed into large dust cups. Breathing Grade compressed air was metered to the Wright dust feeder through teflon tubing by a Matheson® 605 rotameter with a metal float. Rotameter back pressure was controlled using a Matheson® 3104C regulator. The dust feeder back pressure was monitored using a Marshalltown® back pressure gauge. The test material was made airborne by the compressed air dispersing the material into the exposure chamber. The concentration of the test atmosphere was controlled by the delivery rate setting of the Wright dust feeder.
- Method of particle size determination: The samples were drawn through a Sierra 218 cascade impactor at 2.78 liters per minute. The aerodynamic particle size distribution was determined by gravimetric analysis of the amount of test material collected on the impactor stages and subsequent determination of the mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD), geometric standard deviation and other particle size parameters by logarithmic-probability plotting.
- Treatment of exhaust air: The chamber air was exhausted from the bottom of the chamber and passed through an orifice tube system which continuously monitored airflow and then through a commercial filter box. The filter box was connected to a line leading to additional filters and an exhaust fan on the roof. The exhaust operated at a flow rate of 35.6 liters per minute, creating a slight negative pressure in the chamber, which was considered to be the total chamber air flow rate. The entire exposure system and primary exhaust filter were contained in a fume hood.
- Temperature, humidity, pressure in air chamber: The mean temperature and relative humidity in the chamber were 22 °C (71 °F) and 66%, respectively. The pressure in the air chamber was not measured.
TEST ATMOSPHERE
- Brief description of analytical method used: The airborne concentration of the test material was determined gravimetrically.
- Samples taken from breathing zone: Yes - Chamber air samples were taken on glass fiber filters held in cassettes at approximately one hour intervals during the exposure to determine the airborne concentration of test material. The airborne concentration of the test material was determined gravimetrically by drawing a known amount of chamber air through the filter. The samples were taken from the center of the chamber directly over the animal exposure caging.
The difference between gravimetric and nominal concentration was attributed to sedimentation of larger particles and/or adhesion of the test material to surfaces in the exposure chamber.
VEHICLE
- Not applicable: The test material was administered as received and a vehicle was not used.
TEST ATMOSPHERE (if not tabulated)
- Particle size distribution: The fraction of particles less than or equal to 1 µm in mass aerodynamic diameter, based on the log-probability graphs, ranged from 7.6 to 9.4%. The fraction of particles less than or equal to 10 µm in mass aerodynamic diameter, based on the log probability graphs, ranged from 72.3 to 76.1%. These results indicated the test material was respirable in size to the rat.
- MMAD (Mass median aerodynamic diameter) / GSD (Geometric st. dev.): The MMADs ranged from 4.61 to 4.87 micrometers (µm) with geometric standard deviations ranging from 2.98 to 3.39. The MMAD represents the smallest size that could be achieved in this study. The material is hygroscopic causing the particles to agglomerate and/or adhere to surfaces inside the chamber. Several trials were initially performed with various generation schemes and the system which was ultimately chosen provided the best performance. - Analytical verification of test atmosphere concentrations:
- yes
- Duration of exposure:
- 4 h
- Concentrations:
- Nominal concentration: 35.14 mg/L (maximum attainable concentration)
Gravimetric concentration: 0.58 ± 0.103 mg/L - No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 5 animals/sex
- Control animals:
- no
- Details on study design:
- - Duration of observation period following administration: 28 days
- Frequency of observations and weighing: Animals were observed for signs of toxicity and mortality every 15 mins during the first hour of exposure, hourly for the remainder of the exposure, upon removal from the chamber, at 1 h post-exposure, twice daily thereafter for 27 days and once on day 28. Individual body weights were recorded on days 0, 1, 2, 4, 7, 14, 21 and 28.
- Necropsy of survivors performed: Yes
- Other examinations performed: No data - Statistics:
- No data
- Preliminary study:
- Not applicable
- Sex:
- male/female
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect level:
- > 0.58 mg/L air (analytical)
- Exp. duration:
- 4 h
- Mortality:
- See Table 1.
One female died on day 1 and one male died on day 14 post-exposure. - Clinical signs:
- other: See Table 1. Clinical signs noted during the exposure included lacrimation, material on fur, oral discharge and squinting eyes. Incidence of clinical signs was highest at the removal from chamber observation. Signs gradually resolved during the study, how
- Body weight:
- See Table 2.
Most animals lost weight through day 4 of the study, then began to gain weight in a normal pattern. At termination all surviving animals exhibited increases in body weight over their day 0 values. - Gross pathology:
- See table 3.
There were no gross internal lesions observed in any animal which survived to study termination. One male which died on day 14 had discoloured lungs with many light red nodules. This animal was also observed to have a corneal opacity in one eye. - Other findings:
- No data
- Interpretation of results:
- GHS criteria not met
- Conclusions:
- Under the conditions of this study, the test material caused mortality in one male and one female Sprague Dawley rat when administered for four hours at a mean, maximum attainable chamber concentration of 0.58 mg/L. Based on this, the LC50 for sodium acid pyrophosphate is considered to be greater than 0.58 mg/L.
This study is considered to be acceptable and to adequately satisfy both the guideline requirement and the regulatory requirement as a part of a weight of evidence for this endpoint. In addition the study is considered to be acceptable for classification and labelling in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (EU CLP) and as such sodium acid pyrophosphate is not considered to be acutely toxic via the inhalation route (EU CLP).
Read-across between the following sodium and potassium pyrophosphates;
- disodium dihydrogenpyrophosphate
- trisodium hydrogen pyrophosphate
- tetrasodium pyrophosphate
- tetrapotassium pyrophosphate
Can be justified on the following basis; All substance contain a pyrophosphate anion and either a sodium or a potassium cation.
The pyrophosphate ion is the simplest form of a condensed phosphate group. A condensed phosphate anion has one or several P-O-P bonds. As the group contains only two phosphate groups, both of the phosphorus ions are classified as “terminal phosphorus”. The pyrophosphate can undergo ionisation with loss of H+ from each of the two –OH groups on each P and therefore can occur in the -1, -2 -3 or -4 state. The degree of ionisation is dependent upon the associated cations and the ambient pH (if in solution). Therefore the above substances have a pyrophosphate anion that is likely to behave in a similar way.
In addition, the sodium and potassium cations are key elements in various cellular processes their import and export over cell membranes is regulated via pore systems and usually tightly regulated. As such, the presence of varying quantities of such cations is not expected to have an impact on the toxicity of the substances detailed above therefore as the both ionic components of the substance are common the results of toxicity studies can be reliably read-across within the group.
This study is therefore deemed reliable for the classification and labelling of trisodium hydrogen diphosphate according to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (EU CLP).
Reference
See attached file for Tables 1, 2 and 3.
Endpoint conclusion
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no adverse effect observed
- Quality of whole database:
- Two studies were available to assess the acute inhalation toxicity of trisodium hydrogen diphosphate. Studies were conducted on the analogous substances disodium dihydrogenpyrophosphate and tetrapotassium pyrophosphate. Both studies were conducted up to a mean, maximum attainable chamber concentration of 0.58 mg/L and 1.1 mg/L respectively. As the LC50 values have been determined to be greater than these concentrations neither substance is considered to be classified in accordance with Regulation (EC) No. 1272/2008 (EU CLP). Trisodium hydrogen diphosphate is considered to exhibit a low potential toxicity via the inhalation route and is not expected to be of significant concern.
Acute toxicity: via dermal route
Link to relevant study records
- Endpoint:
- acute toxicity: dermal
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- The study was performed between 12 May 2010 and 26 May 2010.
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
- Justification for type of information:
- REPORTING FORMAT FOR THE ANALOGUE APPROACH
See read-across justification report under Section 13 ‘Assessment Reports’.
1. HYPOTHESIS FOR THE ANALOGUE APPROACH
In accordance with REACH Annex XI, Section 1.5, of Regulation (EC) No. 1907/2006 (REACH) the standard testing regime may be adapted in cases where a grouping or read-across approach has been applied.
The similarities may be based on:
(1) a common functional group
(2) the common precursors and/or the likelihood of common breakdown products via physical or biological processes, which result in structurally similar chemicals; or
(3) a constant pattern in the changing of the potency of the properties across the category
(1) The source and target substances are both inorganic salts of a monovalent cation from Group 1A of the periodic table, sodium or potassium, and pyrophosphoric/phosphoric. Thus, they all share the Na+ or K+ cation and the P2O74- anion as common functional groups.
(2) All members of the group will ultimately dissociate into the common breakdown products of the Na+ or K+ cations and the P2O74- anion.
(3) The pyrophosphate ion is the simplest form of a condensed phosphate group. A condensed phosphate anion has one or several P-O-P bonds. As the group contains only two phosphate groups, both of the phosphorus ions are classified as “terminal phosphorus”. The pyrophosphate can undergo ionisation with loss of H+ from each of the two –OH groups on each P and therefore can occur in the -1, -2 -3 or -4 state. The degree of ionisation is dependent upon the associated cations and the ambient pH (if in solution). Therefore the above substances have a pyrophosphate anion that is likely to behave in a similar way. In addition, the sodium and potassium cations are key elements in various cellular processes their import and export over cell membranes is regulated via pore systems and usually tightly regulated. As such, the presence of varying quantities of such cations is not expected to have an impact on the toxicity of the substances detailed above therefore as the both ionic components of the substance are common the results of toxicity studies can be reliably read-across within the group.
2. SOURCE AND TARGET CHEMICAL(S) (INCLUDING INFORMATION ON PURITY AND IMPURITIES)
See read-across justification report under Section 13 ‘Assessment Reports’.
3. ANALOGUE APPROACH JUSTIFICATION
See read-across justification report under Section 13 ‘Assessment Reports’.
4. DATA MATRIX
See read-across justification report under Section 13 ‘Assessment Reports’. - Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across: supporting information
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 402 (Acute Dermal Toxicity)
- Deviations:
- no
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- EU Method B.3 (Acute Toxicity (Dermal))
- Deviations:
- no
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- The sequence of dosing may not always follow the Test Guideline as shown in the schematic diagram in attachment 1. It is Company Policy to minimisethe number of animals used on each study in accordance with UK Government Home Office guidelines.
- GLP compliance:
- yes (incl. QA statement)
- Remarks:
- Date of Inspection: 15 September 2009 Date of signature: 26 November 2009
- Test type:
- standard acute method
- Limit test:
- yes
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- Wistar
- Sex:
- male/female
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- Test Animals:
Animals: Rat, HsdRccHan: WIST
Rationale: Recognized by international guidelines as a recommended test system.
Breeder: Harlan Laboratories UK Limited, Oxon, UK.
Number of Animals per Group: 5 males and 5 females
Total number of Animals: 5 males and 5 females
Age when treated: At the start of the study the animals weighed at least 200g, and were eight to twelve weeks of age. The weight variation did not exceed ± 20% of the mean weight for each sex.
Identification: After an acclimatisation period of at least five days the animals were selected at random and given a number unique within the study by indelible ink-marking on the tail and a number written on a cage card.
Acclimatization: At least 5 days under laboratory conditions, after health examination. Only animals without any visible signs of illness were used for the study.
Environmental Conditions:
Conditions:
The temperature and relative humidity were within the range of 19 to 21 cC and 45 to 56% respectively. The rate of air exchange was at least fifteen changes per hour and the lighting was controlled by a time switch to give twelve hours continuous light (06:00 to 18:00) and twelve hours darkness.
The animals were provided with environmental enrichment items which were considered not to contain any contaminant of a level that might have affected the purpose or integrity of the study.
Accommodation:
The animals were housed in suspended solid-floor polypropylene cages furnished with woodflakes. The animals were housed individually during the 24-hour exposure period and in groups of five, by sex, for the remainder of the study.
Diet:
Free access food (2014 Teklad Global Rodent diet supplied by Harlan Laboratories UK, Oxon, UK) was allowed throughout the study. The diet was routinely analysed and were considered not to contain any contaminants that could reasonably be expected to affect the purpose or integrity of the study.
Water:
Free access to mains drinking water was allowed throughout the study. The drinking
water was routinely analysed and were considered not to contain any contaminants that could reasonably be expected to affect the purpose or integrity of the study. - Type of coverage:
- semiocclusive
- Vehicle:
- arachis oil
- Details on dermal exposure:
- On the day before treatment the back and flanks of each animal were clipped free of hair.
Using available information on the toxicity of the test material, a group of five male and five female rats was treated with the test material at a dose level of 2000 mg/kg.
The appropriate amount of test material, moistened with arachis oil, was applied as evenly as possible to an area of shorn skin (approximately 10% of the total body surface area). A piece of surgical gauze was placed over the treatment area and semi-occluded with a piece of self adhesive bandage. The animals were caged individually for the 24-Hour exposure period. Shortly after dosing the dressings were examined to ensure that they were securely in place. - Duration of exposure:
- 24 hours
- Doses:
- 2000 mg /kg body weight
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 5
- Control animals:
- not required
- Details on study design:
- After the 24-Hour contact period the bandage was carefully removed and the treated skin and surrounding hair wiped with cotton wool moistened with distilled water to remove any residual test material. The animals were returned to group housing for the remainder of the study period.
The animals were observed for deaths or overt signs of toxicity ½, 1, 2 and 4 hours after dosing and subsequently once daily for fourteen days.
After removal of the dressings and subsequently once daily for fourteen days, the test sites were examined for evidence of primary irritation and scored according to the following scale from Draize J H (1977) "Dermal and Eye Toxicity Tests" In: Principles and Procedures for Evaluating the Toxicity of Household Substances, National Academy of Sciences, Washington DC p.31:
EVALUATION OF SKIN REACTIONS
Erythema and Eschar Formation Value
No erythema 0
Very slight erythema (barely perceptible) 1
Well-defined erythema 2
Moderate to severe erythema 3
Severe erythema (beef redness) to slight eschar formation (injuries in depth) 4
Oedema Formation
No oedema 0
Very slight oedema (barely perceptible) 1
Slight oedema (edges of area well-defined by definite raising) 2
Moderate oedema (raised approximately 1 millimetre) 3
Severe oedema (raised more than 1 millimetre and extending beyond the area of exposure) 4
Any other skin reactions, if present were also recorded.
Individual bodyweights were recorded prior to application of the test material on Day 0 and on Days 7 and 14.
At the end of the study the animals were killed by cervical dislocation. All animals were subjected to gross necropsy. This consisted of an external examination and opening of the abdominal and thoracic cavities. The appearance of any macroscopic abnormalities was recorded. No tissues were retained. - Statistics:
- No statistical analysis was performed.
- Sex:
- male/female
- Dose descriptor:
- LD50
- Effect level:
- > 2 000 mg/kg bw
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Remarks on result:
- other: 95% confidence limits not reported.
- Mortality:
- No deaths occurred during the study.
- Clinical signs:
- other: No clinical signs were observed during the course of the study. There were no signs of dermal irritation.
- Gross pathology:
- No macroscopic findings were recorded at necropsy.
- Other findings:
- None.
- Interpretation of results:
- GHS criteria not met
- Conclusions:
- The acute dermal median lethal dose (LD50) of the test material in the Wistar strain rat was found to be greater than 2000 mg/kg bodyweight.
Disodium dihydrogenpyrophosphate is not considered to be classified according to Regulation (EC) No. 1272/2008 (EU CLP).
This study is considered to be adequate and reliable for the purposes of registration under REACH (Regulation (EC) No. 1907/2006) and classification and labelling in accordance with Regulation (EC) No. 1272/2008 (EU CLP) for the analogous substance trisodium hydrogen diphosphate. - Executive summary:
- Introduction. The
study was performed to assess the acute dermal toxicity of the test
material in the Wistar strain rat. The method was designed to meet the
requirements of the following
OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals No. 402 “Acute Dermal Toxicity” (adopted24 February 1987)
Method B3 Acute Toxicity (Dermal) of Commission Regulation (EC) No. 440/2008
Method. A group of ten animals (five males and five females) was given a single, 24-hour, semi‑occluded dermal application of the test material to intact skin at a dose level of 2000 mg/kg bodyweight. Clinical signs and bodyweight development were monitored during the study. All animals were subjected to gross necropsy.
Mortality. There were no deaths.
Clinical Observations. There were no signs of systemic toxicity.
Dermal Irritation. There were no signs of dermal irritation.
Bodyweight. All animals showed expected gains in bodyweight over the study period.
Necropsy. No abnormalities were noted at necropsy.
Conclusion. The acute dermal median lethal dose (LD50) of the test material in the Wistar strain rat was found to be greater than 2000 mg/kg bodyweight.
Reference
Table1 Individual Clinical Observations and Mortality Data
Dose Level mg/kg |
Animal Number and Sex |
Effects Noted After Initiation of Exposure (Hours) |
Effects Noted After Initiation of Exposure (Days) |
||||||||||||||||
½ |
1 |
2 |
4 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
8 |
9 |
10 |
11 |
12 |
13 |
14 |
||
2000 |
1-0 Male |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1-1 Male |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
1-2 Male |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
1-3 Male |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
1-4 Male |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
2-0 Female |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
2-1 Female |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
2-2 Female |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
2-3 Female |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
2-4 Female |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0= No signs of systemic toxicity
See attachment for Tables 2 - 4
Endpoint conclusion
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no adverse effect observed
- Quality of whole database:
- LD50 > 2,000 mg/kg bw
One key study is available to assess the acute dermal toxicity of trisodium hydrogen diphosphate. This study has been performed on an analogous substance and has been assigned a Klimisch reliability of 1.
In addition, a number of supporting studies on the analogous substances disodium dihydrogenpyrophosphate, tetrasodium pyrophosphate and tetrapotassium pyrophosphate are provided to support the conclusion that sodium and potassium pyrophosphates exhibit low systemic toxicity when administered via the dermal route.
Additional information
Justification for classification or non-classification
Acute oral toxicity: The oral LD50has been determined to be within the range 300 - 2000 mg/kg bw and therefore in accordance with Regulation (EC) No. 1272/2008 (EU CLP) trisodium hydrogen diphosphate is classified as acutely toxic via the oral route category 4.
Acute inhalation toxicity: The LC50values for the inhalation of the analogous substances disodium dihydrogenpyrophosphate and tetrapotassium pyrophosphate were not classified at the greatest attainable concentration and therefore trisodium hydrogen diphosphate is not considered to be classified in accordance with Regulation (EC) No. 1272/2008 and no further testing is recommended.
Acute dermal toxicity: The dermal LD50 of the analogous substance disodium dihydrogenpyrophosphate in the rat was found to be > 2000 mg/kg bw and as such trisodium hydrogen diphosphate is not considered to be classified according to Regulation (EC) No. 1272/2008 (EU CLP).
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
Reproduction or further distribution of this information may be subject to copyright protection. Use of the information without obtaining the permission from the owner(s) of the respective information might violate the rights of the owner.