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EC number: 237-358-4 | CAS number: 13762-14-6
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Endpoint summary
Administrative data
Description of key information
Additional information
No data on the aquatic ecotoxicity are available for the test substance cobalt molybdenum oxide, except for one short-term toxicity test with freshwater fish conducted according to national guidelines and OECD 203 on Chinese rare minnows. In this static limit test,no mortality or any other effects were observed in any of the treatments, hence an LC50 (96 h) of > 100 mg/L was reported, equivalent to 22.16 mg/L (measured concentrations as derived from analytical measurements).
However, there are reliable data available for different structurally analogue substances.
The environmental fate pathways and ecotoxicity effects assessments for cobalt metal and cobalt compounds as well as for molybdenum metal and molybdenum compounds is based on the observation that adverse effects to aquatic, soil- and sediment-dwelling organisms are a consequence of exposure to the bioavailable ion, released by the parent compound. The result of this assumption is that the ecotoxicology will be similar for all soluble cobalt and molybdenum substances used in the ecotoxicity tests. Therefore, data from soluble cobalt and molybdenum substances are used in the derivation of ecotoxicological and environmental fate endpoints, based on the cobalt ion and molybdenum ion, respectively.
Cobalt
Information taken from WHO CICAD (2006):
A 96-h EC50 for cobalt based on growth of the freshwater green alga Chlorella vulgaris was reported as 0.56 mg/L, whereas EC50s for aquatic vascular plants were 0.14 and 0.24 mg/L. The 5-day EC50 for cobalt based on growth of the marine diatom Ditylum brightwellii was 0.3 mg/L. For freshwater invertebrates, acute LC50s (24–96 h) range from 1.1 to 239 mg/L. Several studies on Daphnia magna reproduction were reported, with a 21-day EC50 at 0.01 mg/L and a 28-day NOEC of 0.003 mg/L; however, later studies found 21-day NOECs ranging from 0.03 to 0.05 mg/L for varying levels of calcium carbonate.
The lowest reported NOEC for aquatic organisms was for the water flea Ceriodaphnia dubia in a 7-day test, at <0.003 mg/L. The most sensitive marine invertebrates were lobster larvae, with 96-h LC50s ranging from 4.5 to 22.7 mg/L. 96-hour LC50s for freshwater fish range from 1.4 to 333 mg/L. A 16-day NOEC based on survival was reported at 0.06 mg/L. Test results for marine fish suggest that at least the species tested are relatively insensitive to cobalt, with 96-h LC50s ranging from 52.5 to >1000 mg/L.Ca2+ competition and dissolved organic matter complexation were the most important factors preventing Co2+ from binding at the gills in natural water tests. However, the effect of Ca2+ ions on the uptake and potential toxicity of cobalt occurs at very low Ca2+ concentrations, probably lower than those used in any of the reported toxicity tests.
Under most environmental conditions, including both fresh water and marine water, much of cobalt is dissolved either as cobalt carbonate or as Co2+ ions. However, the actual bioavailability appears to depend on the water chemistry and particularly the concentration of Ca2+ ions and dissolved organic matter complexation. It is suggested that there might be an effect of water hardness on aquatic toxicity (WHO CICAD, 2006).
References: World Health Organization (2006). Concise International Chemical Assessment Document 69. COBALT AND INORGANIC COBALT COMPOUNDS.
Molybdenum
Acute freshwater data
For fish, the lowest reliable data point for ammonium molybdate was put forward for hazard assessment purposes:
- 96h-LC50 of 237 mg Mo/L for the fish O. mykiss (HRC, 1994); Mo-salt was (NH4)2Mo2O7.
For invertebrates (test organism: Daphnia magna) the lowest reliable data point for ammonium molybdate was put forward for hazard assessment purposes:
- 48h-LC50of 79 mg Mo/L for the cladoceran D. magna (HRC, 1994); Mo-salt was (NH4)2Mo2O7.
For algae, data that were generated with sodium molybdate were considered. For the most sensitive strain of P. subcapitata that was used in reliable study reports, 4 acute data points were availabe. The geometric mean of those 4 data points was 333.1 mg/L. This value is considered as a reliable acute algal toxicity reference value for hazard assessment purposes (e.g. classification).
Chronic freshwater data
A Species Sensitivity Distribution (SSD) has been developed for the assessment of molybdenum in the freshwater compartment, using the reliable species-specific chronic toxicity effect levels that have been identified. An overview of these species-specific data is given below. All toxicity tests were performed using sodium molybdate as test substance.
Overview of most sensitive species-specific K1-NOEC/EC10-values for molybdenum in the freshwater environment
Species |
Trophic level |
NOEC/EC10-value (mg Mo/L) |
Reference studies |
Oncorhynchus mykiss |
Fish |
43.2 |
Parametrix, 2008 |
Pimephales promelas |
Fish |
60.2 |
Parametrix, 2007; GEI, 2009 |
Ceriodaphnia dubia |
Crustacea |
63.0 |
De Schamphelaere et al, 2008; GEI, 2009 |
Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata -CIMM strain |
Algae |
74.3 |
Rodriguez, 2008; De Schamphelaere and Janssen, 2008 |
Daphnia magna |
Crustacea |
89.5 |
De Schamphelaere et al, 2008 Rodriguez, 2007 ; GEI, 2009 |
Xenopus laevis |
Amphibia |
115.9 |
De Schamphelaere et al, 2008 |
Chironomus riparius |
Insecta |
121.4 |
De Schamphelaere et al, 2008 |
Brachionus calyciflorus |
Rotifera |
193.6 |
De Schamphelaere et al, 2008 |
Lymnaea stagnalis |
Gastropoda |
221.3 |
De Schamphelaere et al, 2008 |
Lemna minor |
Aquatic plant |
241.5 |
De Schamphelaere et al, 2008 |
No-effect levels for dissolved molybdenum were situated between 43.2 mg Mo/L and 241.5 mg Mo/L, i.e. a difference of a factor of 5.6 between the most and least sensitive species. Fish appear to be the most sensitive trophic level, representing the two lowest no-effect concentrations, followed by the algal species P. subcapitata and the two cladocerans D. magna and C. dubia. The lowest sensitivity was found with duckweed (L. minor).
As mentioned before, these data have been used for the construction of a Species Sensitivity Distribution (SSD) from which the following parameter was derived:
-the median 5thpercentile, i.e. the HC5,50%with 5%-95%-confidence interval. The confidence interval is calculated using a Monte Carlo analysis on the log-normal distribution that was fitted through the 10 data points. The outcome of this analysis allows the derivation of the HC5,50%with 5%-95% confidence interval. The HC5,50%(± 95% CL) that was associated with this distribution was 38.2 mg Mo/L (95%CL: 18.7 – 57.3 mg Mo/L).
Composition of the test media that were used for the development of the Mo-effects database
Species |
Test duration |
Endpoint |
pH |
Hardness(1) mg/L as CaCO3 |
mg Ca/L |
mg Mg/L |
Pimephales promelas |
34 d |
Biomass |
7.5±0.05 |
98.4 |
22.3 |
10.4 |
Oncorhynchus mykiss |
78/84 d |
Biomass |
7.4±0.1 |
81.0 |
18.3 |
8.6 |
Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata -CIMM strain |
72 h |
Growth rate |
8.0-8.1 |
24.1 |
4.9 |
2.9 |
Ceriodaphnia dubia |
7 d |
Reproduction |
7.6-7.9 |
180 |
Not specified |
|
Daphnia magna |
21 d |
Reproduction |
7.4-8.2 |
168 - 250 |
27.9-80.1 |
12.2-24.2 |
Xenopus laevis |
4 d |
Malformation |
7.8 |
110.7 |
19.4 |
15.1 |
Chironomus riparius |
14 d |
Growth |
6.9-7.1 |
84.7 |
14 |
12.1 |
Brachionus calyciflorus |
48 h |
Reproduction |
7.5 |
84.7 |
14 |
12.1 |
Lymnaea stagnalis |
28 d |
Length |
7.8-8.2 |
140 |
40.1 |
9.7 |
Lemna minor |
7 d |
Growth rate |
6.5-6.7 |
54.9 |
9.8 |
7.4 |
(1): derived from nominal/measured Ca/mg content
Marine freshwater data
A Species Sensitivity Distribution (SSD) has been developed for the assessment of molybdenum in the marine compartment, using the reliable species-specific chronic toxicity effect levels that have been generated in various research studies. An overview of these species-specific data is given in the table below. All toxicity tests were performed using sodium molybdate as test substance.
Overview of most sensitive species-specific K1-NOEC/EC10-values for molybdenum in the marine environment
Species |
End parameter |
Endpoint |
Value (mg Mo/L) |
Reference |
Mytilus edulis |
Embryonal development |
48h-EC10 |
4.4 |
Morgan et al, 1986 |
Acartia tonsa |
Development |
20d-EC10 |
7.96 |
Aquasense, 2009 |
Cyprinodon variegatus |
Larval dry weight |
28d-EC10 |
84.1 |
Parametrix, 2010 |
Americamysis bahia |
Reproduction |
28d-NOEC |
116 |
Lehman, 2010 |
Phaeodactylus tricornutum |
Growth rate (cells) |
72h-ErC10 |
170 |
Aquasense, 2009 |
Dendraster excentricus |
Larval development |
48h-EC10 |
223.6 |
Parametrix, 2008a |
Strongylocentrotus purpuratus |
Larval development |
48h-EC10 |
421.3 |
Parametrix, 2008b |
Ceramium tenuicorne |
Growth rate (length) |
7d-NOEC |
641 |
Le Page et al, 2010 |
Dunaliella tertiolecta |
Growth rate (cells) |
72h-ErC10 |
881 |
Le Page and Hayfield, 2010 |
Crassostrea gigas |
Larval development |
48h-EC10 |
1174 |
Aquasense, 2009 |
No-effect levels for dissolved molybdenum were situated between 4.4 mg Mo/L and 1174 mg Mo/L, i.e., a difference of a factor of 267 between the most and least sensitive species. The mussel M. edulis and the copepod A. tonsa were the most sensitive trophic level. The least sensitive species were the oyster C. gigas and two algal species (microalga D. tertiolecta and macroalga C. tenuicorne).
As mentioned before, these data have been used for the construction of a Species Sensitivity Distribution (SSD) from which the median 5thpercentile was derived, i.e. the HC5,50%with 5%-95%-confidence interval. Using the RIVM software package ETX, a Log-Normal Distribution was plotted through this data set. The HC5,50%(± 95%CL) that was associated with this distribution was 5.74 mg Mo/L (95%CL: 0.58 – 21 mg Mo/L), respectively.
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