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EC number: 284-634-5 | CAS number: 84961-45-5 Extractives and their physically modified derivatives such as tinctures, concretes, absolutes, essential oils, oleoresins, terpenes, terpene-free fractions, distillates, residues, etc., obtained from Ceratonia siliqua. Leguminosae.
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Long-term toxicity to fish
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- long-term toxicity to fish, other
- Remarks:
- protective effect of carob (and fig) on lead induced toxicity in fish
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 90 days
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- comparable to guideline study
- Remarks:
- proper control and experimental design
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Unnamed
- Year:
- 2 017
- Report date:
- 2017
Materials and methods
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- other: 90-day long term exposure
- Version / remarks:
- LC50 was carried out according to Behreus and Karbeur, 90 day study is scientifically sound
- Deviations:
- not specified
- Remarks:
- Scientifically sound study design
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- The extraction process was done according to Mokhtari et al. (2012),
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Remarks:
- Anticipated GLP was followed, though not specified in the report.
Test material
- Test material form:
- liquid
- Details on test material:
- - Physical appearance: Dark brown to black liquid
- Storage of test material: At room temperature
Constituent 1
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- Ceratonia siliqua pods (carob) (one kg) were collected from market and then separately crushed with seeds removal. Consequently, they were dried and grinded to a fine powder. The powder was solved in two liters of ethyl alcohol (100%) for 48 h with periodical shaking and then the extract was filtered using gauze and funnel. Subsequently, the ethyl alcohol was evaporated by rotatory evaporator and then the extract was lyophilized. The lyophilized sample semisolid mass (10%) was collected, stored in airtight containers and kept in refrigerator at 4oC. The extraction process was done according to Mokhtari et al.
Sampling and analysis
- Analytical monitoring:
- not specified
- Details on sampling:
- Blood samples were collected from caudal vein of fish using sterile syringe with EDTA solution (anticoagulant) at 30, 60 and 90 days post exposure for determining endpoints
Test solutions
- Vehicle:
- not specified
- Remarks:
- From paper no vehicle is indicated.
Test organisms
- Test organisms (species):
- other: O. niloticus
- Details on test organisms:
- One hundred and forty O. niloticus (30±10 g) free from diseases were collected from fish farm belonging to the Central Laboratory for Aquaculture Research. Fish were left two weeks for acclimatization before the beginning of the experimental study. Fish was fed on normal basal diet at 3% of body weight daily during the acclimation period. They were divided into 7 groups each contain two aquaria with 10 fish/aquarium.
Study design
- Test type:
- not specified
- Water media type:
- not specified
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 90 d
- Remarks on exposure duration:
- variable exposure to protective materials
Test conditions
- Hardness:
- not specified
- Test temperature:
- not specified
- pH:
- not specified
- Dissolved oxygen:
- not specified
- Salinity:
- not specified
- Conductivity:
- not specified
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- not specified
- Reference substance (positive control):
- no
Results and discussion
Effect concentrations
- Duration:
- 90 d
- Dose descriptor:
- other: 600 mg
- Remarks:
- 1/2 and 1/4 LC50 of lead was given in conjunction with the carob to determine if carob was protective aginst lead exposure.
- Effect conc.:
- ca. 600 other: mg
- Nominal / measured:
- not specified
- Conc. based on:
- not specified
- Basis for effect:
- not specified
- Remarks on result:
- other: fish treated with lead and carob showed decrease mortality and all other endpoints were similar to those of the control
- Details on results:
- see attached paper
- Results with reference substance (positive control):
- Fish treated with just lead showed higher toxic effects and endpoints
- Reported statistics and error estimates:
- Means within the same column carrying different superscripts were significantly different at P < 0.05.
Any other information on results incl. tables
see paper attached
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Conclusions:
- Carob extract was protective against lead induced toxicity, indicating it is not an inherently toxic material itself. The hematological, biochemical parameters, growth performance were significantly decreased after exposure to 1/2 96h LC50 and 1/4 96h LC50 of Lead for 30, 60 or 90 days. Plasma glucose and mortality were increased significantly. Compared to control group, there were no significant changes in RBCs, Hb and PCV of fish fed with diet enriched with Carob or fig extract 600 mg/kg diet for 90 days in the presence of 1/2 96h LC50 or 1/4 96h LC50 of Lead.
- Executive summary:
The current study aimed to investigate the possible effect of Ceratonia siliqua (carob) pods and Ficus carica (fig) fruits ether extracts against lead toxicity on hematological, biochemical parameters, growth performance and mortality % in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). One hundred and forty fish were divided into 7 groups. The first group was left as a control and fed a control diet, while, the second and third groups were exposed to 1/2 96 h LC50 (77.5 mg/L) and 1/4 96 hLC50 (38.7 mg/L) of Lead (Pb), respectively and provided with a control diet. The fourth and fifth groups were exposed to 1/2 96 h LC50 and 1/4 96 h LC50 of Pb, respectively and fed diet with 600 mg carob extract/kg diet. The sixth and seventh group were exposed to 1/2 96 h LC50 and 1/4 96 h LC50 of Pb, respectively and provided with diet contain 600 mg fig extract/kg diet. The hematological, biochemical parameters and growth performance was significantly decreased after exposure to 1/2 96 h LC50 and 1/4 96 hLC50 of Pb for 30, 60 and 90 days, while plasma glucose and mortality % were increased significantly. There were no significant changes in RBCs, Hb and PCV of O. niloticus exposed to 1/2 96 h LC50 and 1/4 96 h LC50 of Pb that fed diet enriched with carob extract 600 mg/kg diet for 90 days. The fish exposed to 1/2 96 h LC50 and 1/4 96 h LC50 of Pb and fed diet enriched with 600 mg/kg diet carob or fig for 90 days revealed no significant changes in plasma albumin, total protein, glucose and growth parameters with a reduction of mortality %. The current study highlighted the importance of carob and fig ether extract in the protection of Nile tilapia against the lead acetate toxicity.
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