Registration Dossier
Registration Dossier
Data platform availability banner - registered substances factsheets
Please be aware that this old REACH registration data factsheet is no longer maintained; it remains frozen as of 19th May 2023.
The new ECHA CHEM database has been released by ECHA, and it now contains all REACH registration data. There are more details on the transition of ECHA's published data to ECHA CHEM here.
Diss Factsheets
Use of this information is subject to copyright laws and may require the permission of the owner of the information, as described in the ECHA Legal Notice.
EC number: 801-282-5 | CAS number: 1034343-98-0
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Endpoint summary
Administrative data
Description of key information
The short-term toxicity of the test item graphene towards fish was assessed in a semi-static test according to OECD TG 203 under GLP: Gobiocypris rarus LL50(96h) > 100 mg/L
The short-term toxicity of the test item graphene towards aquatic invertebrates was assessed in a semi-static test according to OECD TG 203: Daphnia magna EC50(48h) > 16 mg/L
The toxicity of the test item graphene towards aquatic freshwater algae was assessed in a study according to OECD TG 201: Chlorella pyrenoidosa EC50(96h) = 62.2 mg/L
Additional information
Short-term toxicity to fish
In the present study the acute toxicity of the test substance toGobiocypris raruswas determined by a semi-static test according to OECD TG 203 under GLP.
0.500 g of the test substance were mixed with a small amount of test water, ultrasonicated and then diluted in 5000 mL test water to prepare a stock suspension with a nominal loading rate of 100 mg/L.
The suspension was stirred for about 48 hours, after stirring, the suspension wasfiltered through 0.45 µm PESfilter membrane to discard insoluble parts.
The test duration was 96h.
No mortality occurred in the control during the test and the dissolved oxygen concentration was greater than 60.0 % of the air saturation value (ASV) throughout the test duration.Hence, the test was considered to be valid.
During the test, the measured concentrations of the test substance were determined by TOC analysis, but the results of treatment and blank control were similar. The 96h LL50value for the test substance to Gobiocypris rarus was based on nominal loading rate and stated to be >100 mg/L. The maximum loading rate causing no mortality and the minimum loading rate causing 100 percent mortality within the period of the test were stated with ≥ 100 mg/L and >100 mg/L, respectively.
Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
The acute toxicity of graphene (GN) to Daphnia magna was determined in a 48-hour static test similar to the EU Commission Directive 92/69/EEC, Part C.2 (1992) and the OECD TG 202, Part I (1984).This study is classified as reliable with restrictions (reliability 2) and satisfies the guideline requirements for an acute toxicity study with freshwater invertebrates.
The study was conducted with test concentrations of nominal 0.2 - 16 mg/L. The GN stock suspension was obtained by adding 10 mg of GN to 100 mL of a 1 g/L PVP solution (PVP dissolved in SM7 medium) followed by sonication using a sonication bath (ultrasonic bath KQ-500DB, Kun Shan, China) for 2 h at room temperature to obtain optimal particle dispersion. Most of the GN were suspended and no precipitate was observed after sonication. The nominal concentration (100 mg/L) was considered as the concentration of the GN stock suspension, although it was difficult to reach the full extent of exfoliation by sonication. The test media with different concentrations were prepared by diluting the GN stock suspension followed by sonication for 20 min before exposure. To characterize the stability of graphene in suspension, the hydrodynamic diameter, electrophoretic mobility and zeta potential of graphene were recorded on a Zetasizer Nano ZS system (Malvern Instruments, UK) during a period of 48 h. Application of up to nominal 16 mg/L graphene induced < 50% daphnid mortality. The 48h EC50was determined to be > 16 mg/L (derived from graph).
The results reported in the key study are supported by a study conducted by Guo et al., 2013. In the supporting study by Guo et al. no Daphnia were immobilized after being exposed to graphene concentrations up to 250 µg/L for 48h. Thus, this study underlines the absence of acute toxicity of graphene to Daphnia magna at low concentrations.
Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
The effect of graphene on the freshwater green algal speciesChlorella pyrenoidosa was investigated by Zhao et al (2017). In a 96 h study conducted similar to OECD TG 201 and EPA OPPTS 850.5400, cultures of Chlorella pyrenoidosa were exposed to nominal concentrations up to 200 mg/L graphene under static conditions. The 96h EC50value of graphene to freshwater algae (Chlorella pyrenoidosa) was examined to be 62.2 mg/L. Graphene showed no shading effect on algal growth due to the poor dispersibility while it more readily heteroagglomerated with algae and thus, likely leading to direct contacts with algae. Furthermore the test substance could adsorb macronutrients (N, P, Mg, and Ca) from the algal medium, thus leading to nutrient depletion-induced indirect toxicity (27% of the total toxicity). Flow cytometry results showed significant decrease of membrane integrity after graphene exposure.
In conclusion Multi-layer Graphene inhibited algae growth with an EC50 (96h) of nominal 62.2 mg/L.
Considering all available data no acute toxicity is recorded for all three trophic levels in the respective aquatic test media. However, taking into account that the test substance is not rapidly degradable it has to be classified as Aquatic Chronic 3 according to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 with toxicity data above 10 mg/L and below or equal to 100 mg/L.
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
Reproduction or further distribution of this information may be subject to copyright protection. Use of the information without obtaining the permission from the owner(s) of the respective information might violate the rights of the owner.