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EC number: 904-653-0 | CAS number: -
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Health surveillance data
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- health surveillance data
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Reliability:
- 4 (not assignable)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: see 'Remark'
- Remarks:
- According to SCOEL, this study has some shortcomings, as only 20 workers were examined, it is not clear whether the exposure was only to phenol and how the exposure was measured. Phenol is a major component of the reaction mass, so that phenol hazard data are applied in the hazard assessment.
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Study of some biochemical changes among workers occupationally exposed to phenol, alone or in combination with other organic solvents
- Author:
- Shamy YM, El Gazzar RM, El Sayed MA and Attia AM
- Year:
- 1 994
- Bibliographic source:
- Ind Health 32: 207- 214
Materials and methods
- Study type:
- health record from industry
- Endpoint addressed:
- repeated dose toxicity: inhalation
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Hematologic and clinical chemistry parameters were examined as well as an urine analysis performed in workers exposed to phenol.
- GLP compliance:
- no
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Phenol
- EC Number:
- 203-632-7
- EC Name:
- Phenol
- Cas Number:
- 108-95-2
- Molecular formula:
- C6H6O
- IUPAC Name:
- phenol
- Details on test material:
- No details
Constituent 1
Method
- Type of population:
- occupational
- Ethical approval:
- not specified
- Details on study design:
- Subjects from an oil refining plant located in the city of Alexandria (Egypt) were selected randomly and have been divided into three groups:
Group I: Twenty workers (mean age +-SD: 35.2+-3.7 years) exposed to phenol alone (during aromatic extraction from distillates containing aromatics, wax, oil and impurities). The time weighted average exposure according to the factory records was 5.4 ppm (21 mg/m3). The mean duration of exposure (+-SD) was 13.2+-6.6 years. No further data on exposure were available.
Group II: Thirty subsjects in the reference group (mean age +-SD: 37.3+-3.6 years) selected from the administrative departments (located in a separate building, no exposure, no history of exposure to organic solvents); these subjects had the same demographic characters like age, educational and socioeconomic status ... etc, as workers in Group I.
In Group III workers with combined exposure to phenol, benzene, toluene and methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) (n = 32) were studied (not presented in this documentation); exposure according to factory records was 4.7 ppm for phenol, 0.7 ppm for benzene, 220 ppm for toluene. and 90 ppm for MEK.
Fasting blood samples were collected from each subject by vein puncture at the end of the shift of the last working day of the week. A part of the blood was centrifuged and the serum was separated for the analysis of transaminases, total proteins, prothrombin time, bleeding time, clotting time, fasting blood sugar (FES) and serum creatinine (see also Table below). Serum copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn) and calcium (Ca) was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry.
The other part of the blood was used for haematology (red & white blood cell counts, haemoglobin, haematocrit, platelets, colour index, MCH, MCV, MCHC, basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes).
Spot urine sampies obtained from each subject for the determination of the levels of urinary phenol (concentration referred to the creatinine content).
Statistical analysis carried out using the one way ANOVA and the Scheffe test (*: level of significance at 5%; **: 1%).
Results and discussion
- Results:
- Workers exposed to phenol alone (Group I) at 21 mg/m3 showed significantly higher levels of ALT (alanine aminotransferase), AST (aspartic aminotransferase) and clotting time, and lower levels of serum creatinine as well as significantly higher serum levels of Mg, Mn and Ca than the control subjects. Further more, these workers showed significantly higher levels of haemoglobin, haematocrit, colour index, MCH, MCV, basophils and neutrophils and lower levels of monocytes than the control subjects. Urinary phenol concentrations in Group I was significantly elevated in comparison to the background levels in the nonexposed control group.
Any other information on results incl. tables
Phenol concentration in urine
Parameter |
Workers exposed to phenol (n=20) | Reference group (n=30) |
Phenol in urine (mg/g creatinine) |
68.60 +- 47.06** |
11.54 +- 4.70 |
Effects of phenol inhalation on clinical chemistry and haematological parameters in humans
Parameter |
Group I |
Group II |
- |
Clinical chemistry |
|
ALT (U/ml) |
24.50+- 4.11* |
15.81+- 14.92 |
AST (U/ml) |
27.06+-16.87** |
14.71+- 10.70 |
Serum creatinine (mg/dl) |
0.85+- 0.20** |
0.99+- 0.20 |
Clotting time (min) |
6.13+- 0.82** |
4.06+- 0.46 |
Serum magnesium (µg/dl) , |
2.3+- 0.5** |
1.9+- 0.5 |
Serum manganese (mg/dl) |
0.4+- 0..3** |
0.2+- 0.3 |
Serum calcium (mg/dl) |
11.9+- 2.0** |
9.8+- 0.9 |
- |
Haematology |
|
Hemoglobin (g%) |
14.6+-1.9* |
13.7+- 1.4 |
Hematocrit (%) |
45.1+- 5.6** |
39.0+- 10.5 |
Color index (%) |
1.1+- 0.1** |
1.0+- 0.4 |
MCH (pg) |
31.3+- 3.5** |
29.4+- 1.1 |
MCV (fl) |
96.7+- 10.4* |
88.5+- 4.5 |
Basophils (%) . |
0.5+- 0.5* |
0.1+-0.3 |
Neutrophils (%) |
64.4+- 5.4* |
59.0+- 7.8 |
Monocytes· (%) |
1.0+-1.1** |
2.4+- 0.9 |
Mean +- SD (standard deviation); *:p<0.05; ** p<0.01 |
Other measured parameters (compare with methods) were not different from control value.
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- Workers exposed to a time weighted average of 5.4 ppm phenol (21 mg/m³) showed significantly altered parameters in clinical chemistry and haematology along with a significantly increased amount of phenol excreted via the urine.
- Executive summary:
The study meets scientific standards with acceptable restrictions (partly limited documentation, e.g. details on exposure & exposure measurement; no individual data; no data on historical control range of clinical and haematological parameters in Egypt).
Twenty workers were exposed to phenol alone; the time weighted average exposure was 5.4 ppm (21 mg/m³) and the mean duration of exposure was 13.2 +-6.6 (SD) years. The reference group (n=30) had the same demographic characters like age, educational status and socioeconomic status. Fasting blood samples were collected from each subject at the end of the shift of the last working day of the week and haematology and clinical chemistry performed. Phenol concentration was analysed in urine samples of each subject and significantly increased concentrations were detected in exposed workers. Furthermore, in this group significantly higher levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartic aminotransferase and clotting time, and lower levels of serum creatinine as well as significantly higher serum levels of Mg, Mn and Ca were reported. Haematology revealed significantly higher levels of haemoglobin, hematocrite, colour index, MCH, MCV, basophils and neutrophils and lower levels of monocytes in exposed workers.
Conclusion: Workers exposed to a time weighted average of 5.4 ppm phenol (21 mg/m³) showed significantly altered parameters in clinical chemistry and haematology along with a significantly increased amount of phenol excreted via the urine.
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