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EC number: 267-008-6 | CAS number: 67762-27-0 This substance is identified by SDA Substance Name: C16-C18 alkyl alcohol and SDA Reporting Number: 19-060-00.
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- from 1997-06-17 to 1997-06-20
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- comparable to guideline study with acceptable restrictions
- Justification for type of information:
- Alcohols, C16-18 is a member and is from Long Chain Alcohols (C6-22 primary aliphatic alcohols) category.
The Long Chain Alcohols (C6-22 primary aliphatic alcohols) category is considered suitable as a source of data for Alcohols, C16-18.
Considered valid for read-across for purposes of classification.
No further vertebrate testing can be justified.
Long Chain Alcohols (C6-22 primary aliphatic alcohols) category covers a family of 30 primary aliphatic alcohols within a carbon chain length range of C6-C22. Commercial products generally include several aliphatic alcohol components, with a range of carbon chain lengths present. The family consists of alcohols with varying compositions and structures. Composition depends on the route to manufacture and the related feedstocks. Most of the alcohols have linear carbon chains but certain manufacturing processes create branched structures. Data are also available for eleven other similar substances, which support the category. Non-sponsored alcohols may not be HPV or may not be produced by members of the consortium, but have structures similar to sponsored linear alcohols.
Key points are that the members share:
• The same structural features
• Similar metabolic pathways
• Common mode of ecotoxicological action
• Common levels and mode of human health related effects. - Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across: supporting information
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- EU Method C.3 (Algal Inhibition test)
- Deviations:
- no
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 201 (Alga, Growth Inhibition Test)
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Analytical monitoring:
- no
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on test solutions:
- PREPARATION AND APPLICATION OF TEST SOLUTION (especially for difficult test substances)
- Method: A stock solution of 1 g/L in deionised water was prepared by stirring for 18 hours. - Test organisms (species):
- Desmodesmus subspicatus (previous name: Scenedesmus subspicatus)
- Details on test organisms:
- TEST ORGANISM
- Strain: CHODAT (SAG 86.81)
- Source (laboratory, culture collection): Institut fur Wassrer-, Boden- und Lufthygiene, Berling danach eigene Zucht
- Age of inoculum (at test initiation): 3 days old
- Method of cultivation: not reported
ACCLIMATION
- Acclimation period: not reported - Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 72 h
- Test temperature:
- 23 degrees C +/- 1
- pH:
- range beginning of the test: 7.8-7.9
range end of the test: 7.7-9.3 - Nominal and measured concentrations:
- Nominal concentrations: 0.021, 0.043, 0.085, 0.171, 0.342, 0.712, 1.424 mg/l
Measured concentrations 0 h: 1.06, 1.01, 0.71, 1.21, 1.29, 1.55, 2.28 mg/l
Measured concentrations 72 h: ND, ND, ND, ND, 1.07, 0.81, 1.33 mg/l (ND = not detectable) - Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Test vessel: Erlenemeyer flasks
- Initial cells density: 2 x 10^4 cells/ml
- Control end cells density: 106 x 10^4 cells/ml
- No. of vessels per concentration (replicates): 5
- No. of vessels per control (replicates): 5
GROWTH MEDIUM
- Standard medium used: yes
TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS
- Source/preparation of dilution water: not reported
- Culture medium different from test medium: not reported
- Intervals of water quality measurement: not reported
OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Sterile test conditions: yes
- Adjustment of pH: sodium bicarbonate was added to the test medium
- Light intensity and quality: ca. 8000 lux, white
EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED (with observation intervals if applicable) :
- Determination of cell concentrations: spectrophotometer, absorption 685 nm. Measured every 24 h.
TEST CONCENTRATIONS
- Spacing factor for test concentrations: 2
- Range finding study: none reported - Reference substance (positive control):
- no
- Key result
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 0.66 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.085 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- cell number
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 0.27 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 0.33 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- biomass
- Details on results:
- Exponential growth in the control (for algal test): yes
- Reported statistics and error estimates:
- Regression analsyis and Probit Analysis (Cavalli-Sforza 1972)
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Conclusions:
- A reliable 72 h ErC50 of 0.66 an EbC50 value of 0.33 mg/l, an ErC10 of 0.27 mg/l and a NOEC of 0.085 mg/l have been determined for the effects of the dodecanol on the cell numbers of the algae Scenedesmus subspicatus (new name: Desmodesmus subspicatus).
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 2005-01-10 to 2005-01-28
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- test procedure in accordance with generally accepted scientific standards and described in sufficient detail
- Justification for type of information:
- Alcohols, C16-18 is a member and is from Long Chain Alcohols (C6-22 primary aliphatic alcohols) category.
The Long Chain Alcohols (C6-22 primary aliphatic alcohols) category is considered suitable as a source of data for Alcohols, C16-18.
Considered valid for read-across for purposes of classification.
No further vertebrate testing can be justified.
Long Chain Alcohols (C6-22 primary aliphatic alcohols) category covers a family of 30 primary aliphatic alcohols within a carbon chain length range of C6-C22. Commercial products generally include several aliphatic alcohol components, with a range of carbon chain lengths present. The family consists of alcohols with varying compositions and structures. Composition depends on the route to manufacture and the related feedstocks. Most of the alcohols have linear carbon chains but certain manufacturing processes create branched structures. Data are also available for eleven other similar substances, which support the category. Non-sponsored alcohols may not be HPV or may not be produced by members of the consortium, but have structures similar to sponsored linear alcohols.
Key points are that the members share:
• The same structural features
• Similar metabolic pathways
• Common mode of ecotoxicological action
• Common levels and mode of human health related effects. - Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across: supporting information
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 201 (Alga, Growth Inhibition Test)
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- yes (incl. QA statement)
- Remarks:
- GLP Code: SDA-003/4-30
- Details on sampling:
- - Concentrations: all nominal concentrations were tested at time 0, 24 and 72 h.
- Sampling method: samples were taken from the vessels with algae and vessels prepared without algae. - Vehicle:
- no
- Details on test solutions:
- PREPARATION AND APPLICATION OF TEST SOLUTION
- Method: A stock solution was prepared by adding 180 mg of the test substance to sterilised test medium and adjusting the volume to 1 L. The solution was stirred for 24 hours. The stock solution was diluted with sterilised growth medium to obtain the nominal test concentrations under sterile conditions: 7.7, 17, 37, 82 and 180 mg hexanol/L.
- Controls: standard control using dilution water. - Test organisms (species):
- Raphidocelis subcapitata (previous names: Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, Selenastrum capricornutum)
- Details on test organisms:
- TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: freshwater green alga
- Strain: Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata
- Source (laboratory, culture collection): SAG, Culture Collection of Algae at Pflanzenphysiologisches Institut of the University at Göttingen, Albrecht von Haller Institut, Untere Klarspüle 2, D-37073 Göttingen, Catalog No 61.81.
ACCLIMATION
- Culturing media and conditions: The stock cultures were maintained fulfilling the criteria of the OECD guidelines. Prior to testing a pre-culture was established in test medium to obtain exponentially growing algae for the test. - Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 72 h
- Post exposure observation period:
- None
- Hardness:
- N.R.
- Test temperature:
- 22.0 - 22.2 °C
- pH:
- 8.52 - 8.58 (Controls), 8.08 - 8.40 (test concentrations)
- Dissolved oxygen:
- N.R.
- Salinity:
- N.A.
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- Nominal: 7.7, 17, 37, 82 and 180 mg hexanol/L
Mean measured (with algae): 4.72, 11.3, 31.2, 50.1 and 111.2 mg hexanol/L
Mean measured (without algae present): 5.48, 12.3, 29.3, 54.9 and 105.5 mg hexanol/L - Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Test vessel: glass flask, with cultures being resuspended continuously by shaking on a laboratory shaker (Incubation Shaker Multitron ®, INFORS, Switzerland).
- Type: closed
- Material, size, headspace, fill volume: Test vessels are 250 mL conical glass flasks covered with silicone-sponge caps. The vessels and caps were sterilized prior to use (autoclaving or heating).
- Aeration: none
- Initial cells density: 10,000 cells/mL
- Control end cells density: 143.3x10^4 cells/mL
- No. of vessels per concentration: 3
- No. of vessels per control: 6
GROWTH MEDIUM
- Standard medium used: yes
TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS
- Source/preparation of dilution water: A sterilized synthetic growth medium according to OECD 201
- Culture medium different from test medium: no
- Intervals of water quality measurement: daily
OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Sterile test conditions: yes
-Adjustment of pH: none
- Photoperiod: continuous
- Light intensity and quality: 8000 Lux
EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED:
- Determination of cell concentrations: Cell concentrations were determined using an electronic particle counter (CASY 1 Model TT Schärfe System
Reutlingen, Germany) from time 0h to 72h every 24h. The correctness of the electronic counts was checked by microscopically counting following internal operation procedures.
TEST CONCENTRATIONS
- Spacing factor for test concentrations: five concentrations arranged in a geometric series, spaced by a factor of 2.2
- Range finding study: yes, details not reported. - Reference substance (positive control):
- no
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 11.3 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (arithm. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 31.2 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (arithm. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 19.8 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (arithm. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 79.7 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (arithm. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- < 4.72 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- biomass
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LOEC
- Effect conc.:
- < 4.72 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (arithm. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- biomass
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 4.97 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (arithm. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- biomass
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 20.5 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (arithm. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- biomass
- Details on results:
- - Exponential growth in the control: yes
- Reported statistics and error estimates:
- Calculation of the percent inhibition of growth rate, yield (cell counts) and biomass integral was performed according to the OECD guideline.
A concentration-effect relationship was observed and statistically analyzed to obtain effect concentrations.
The test results were statistically analyzed to determine EC10 and EC50 values together with 95 % confidence intervals using Probit-analysis assuming lognormal distribution of the values by using the computer program ToxRat.
The NOEC and LOEC values for yield and biomass were determined by the Welch t-test. - Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Conclusions:
- A 72h EC50 value of 79.7 mg/L and NOEC value of 11.3 mg/L have been determined for the effect of the test substance on growth rate of Pseudokirchnerella subcapitata.
- Executive summary:
The reliable data were obtained in a test with hexanol . A 72-h ErC50value of 80 mg/L and a NOEC of 11 mg/L were reported for hexanol based on measured exposure concentrations. These values give an acute to chronic ratio of 7.3.
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- test procedure in accordance with national standard methods with acceptable restrictions
- Justification for type of information:
- Alcohols, C16-18 is a member and is from Long Chain Alcohols (C6-22 primary aliphatic alcohols) category.
The Long Chain Alcohols (C6-22 primary aliphatic alcohols) category is considered suitable as a source of data for Alcohols, C16-18.
Considered valid for read-across for purposes of classification.
No further vertebrate testing can be justified.
Long Chain Alcohols (C6-22 primary aliphatic alcohols) category covers a family of 30 primary aliphatic alcohols within a carbon chain length range of C6-C22. Commercial products generally include several aliphatic alcohol components, with a range of carbon chain lengths present. The family consists of alcohols with varying compositions and structures. Composition depends on the route to manufacture and the related feedstocks. Most of the alcohols have linear carbon chains but certain manufacturing processes create branched structures. Data are also available for eleven other similar substances, which support the category. Non-sponsored alcohols may not be HPV or may not be produced by members of the consortium, but have structures similar to sponsored linear alcohols.
Key points are that the members share:
• The same structural features
• Similar metabolic pathways
• Common mode of ecotoxicological action
• Common levels and mode of human health related effects. - Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across: supporting information
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 201 (Alga, Growth Inhibition Test)
- Deviations:
- yes
- Remarks:
- no analytical monitoring, no range finding test, no reporting of water quality parameters.
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- other: German Industry Standard: DIN 38412, Part 9
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Analytical monitoring:
- no
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on test solutions:
- PREPARATION AND APPLICATION OF TEST SOLUTION
- Method: unfiltered test solutions achieved nominal concentrations by direct addition of the test material into the test vessels. The filtered solutions were made from serial dilutions of a 1 g/L filtered stock solution. - Test organisms (species):
- Desmodesmus subspicatus (previous name: Scenedesmus subspicatus)
- Details on test organisms:
- TEST ORGANISM
- Strain: SAG 8681
- Source (laboratory, culture collection): Institute for plant physiology, University Gottingen
- Age of inoculum (at test initiation): 3 days
- Method of cultivation: not reported
ACCLIMATION - not reported - Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 96 h
- Test temperature:
- range: 22-23.5 degC
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- Nominal Loading Rate: 10, 30, 100 and 300 mg/L (Unfiltered)
Nominal Loading Rate: 0.1, 0.3, 1.0, 3.0, 10.0 mg/L (Filtrate) - Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Test vessel: Erlenmeyer flasks
- Material, size, headspace, fill volume: 300 ml with 100 ml fill volume
- Initial cells density: 1*10^4 cells/ml
- Control end cells density: 2.7*10^6
- No. of vessels per concentration (replicates): 3
- No. of vessels per control (replicates): 3
GROWTH MEDIUM
- Standard medium used: the medium was defined as Algae 10.10 / TFB Central laboratory soil nutrients.
TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS
- Source/preparation of dilution water: not reported
- Culture medium different from test medium: not reported
- Intervals of water quality measurement: not reported
OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Adjustment of pH: not reported
- Photoperiod: continuous
- Light intensity and quality: 2000 lux
EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED
- Determination of cell concentrations: cell numbers were determined at 24, 48, 72 and 96 h via the Thoms-Kammer method
TEST CONCENTRATIONS
- Spacing factor for test concentrations: 3 - Reference substance (positive control):
- no
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EL50
- Effect conc.:
- > 10 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Remarks on result:
- other: non-toxic at the limit of solubility
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EL10
- Effect conc.:
- > 21 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EL0
- Effect conc.:
- < 10 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Remarks on result:
- other: due to variability in cell density, the EL0 could not be reliably determined.
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EL50
- Effect conc.:
- 250 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- biomass
- Remarks on result:
- other: non-toxic at the limit of solubility
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EL10
- Effect conc.:
- 26 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- biomass
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EL0
- Effect conc.:
- < 10 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- biomass
- Remarks on result:
- other: due to variability in cell density, the EL0 could not be reliably determined.
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EL0
- Effect conc.:
- > 10 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- other: filtered test solution with test material
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Remarks on result:
- other: non-toxic at the limit of solubility
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EL10
- Effect conc.:
- > 10 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- other: filtered test solution with test material
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EL50
- Effect conc.:
- 0.64 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- other: filtered test solution
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EL0
- Effect conc.:
- <= 0.1 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- other: filtered test solution with test material
- Basis for effect:
- biomass
- Remarks on result:
- other: non-toxic at the limit of solubility
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EL10
- Effect conc.:
- 0.1 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- other: filtered test solution with test material
- Basis for effect:
- biomass
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EL50
- Effect conc.:
- > 10 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- other: filtered test solution with test material
- Basis for effect:
- biomass
- Details on results:
- - Exponential growth in the control (for algal test): yes
- Effect concentrations exceeding solubility of substance in test medium: the test was conducted at loading rates that were all much higher than the limit of solubility of the test substance (ca. 0.0011 mg/L). - Reported statistics and error estimates:
- The analysis of the data was carried out in accordance with DIN regulation with a computer program by Mr. Holtmann, TFA / mathematical methods
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not specified
- Remarks:
- the validity criteria for cell growth in the control was achieved, but there is no data on pH.
- Conclusions:
- The 96 h EC values could not be accurately determined due to large variations in cell concentrations. The EC50 values determined are reliant on confounding factors due to the concentrations used (exceedinly higher than the limit of solubility) and therefore should be treated with caution. The water solubility of octadecanol is 0.0011 mg/L at 25oC . The results indicate that no toxic effects were present at the limit of solubility of the test substance, i.e. EC50 and NOEC >0.0011 mg/L (>LoS).
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Type of information:
- (Q)SAR
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- results derived from a valid (Q)SAR model and falling into its applicability domain, with adequate and reliable documentation / justification
- Justification for type of information:
- QSAR prediction: US EPA accepted QSAR method for chemicals properties assessment.
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- other: QSAR model
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- ECOSAR Program(v1.00)
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Analytical monitoring:
- no
- Vehicle:
- no
- Test organisms (species):
- other: Green Algae
- Details on test organisms:
- QSAR model-Green Algae
- Test type:
- other: QSAR model
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 96 h
- Test temperature:
- not applicable. QSAR model
- pH:
- not applicable. QSAR model
- Dissolved oxygen:
- not applicable. QSAR model
- Salinity:
- not applicable. QSAR model
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- not applicable. QSAR model
- Details on test conditions:
- CAS Number: 67762-27-0
SMILES : CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCO
CHEM : Alcohols, C16-18
MOL FOR: C16 H34 O1
MOL WT : 242.45
Log Kow: 6.73 (KowWin estimate)
Wat Sol: 0.0412 mg/L (experimental database) - Reference substance (positive control):
- no
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 0.054 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- other: (Q)SAR prediction
- Remarks on result:
- other: non-toxic at the limit of solubility, as determined by (Q)SAR
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 540 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- other: (Q)SAR prediction
- Remarks on result:
- other: Predicted, at water solubility loading rates of 1000 mg/L
- Duration:
- 30 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.045 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- other: (Q)SAR prediction
- Remarks on result:
- other: non-toxic at the limit of solubility, as determined by (Q)SAR
- Duration:
- 30 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 450 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- other: (Q)SAR prediction
- Remarks on result:
- other: Predicted, at water solubility loading rates of 1000 mg/L
- Details on results:
- A 96 h LC50 value of 0.054 mg/L has been calculated for the effects of the test substance on the mortality of the Algae group. This result signifies that the test substance is not expected to be toxic at the limit of solubility. This result is above the LoS (limit of solubility), therefore the substance is non-toxic at the limit of LoS and LC50 is >LoS.
A reliable 96 h LC50 value of 540 mg/L has been calculated for the effects of the test substance towards Algae group. Therefore the test substance has been predicted to be non toxic at the limit of solubility, so the LC50 is 0.054 mg/L. Predicted to be non-toxic at the limit of solubility.
A NOEC value of 0.045 mg/L has been calculated for the effects of the test substance on the mortality of the Algae group. This result signifies that the test substance is not expected to be toxic at the limit of solubility. This result is above the LoS (limit of solubility), therefore the substance is non-toxic at the limit of LoS and NOEC is >LoS.
A reliable NOEC value of 450 mg/L has been calculated for the effects of the test substance towards Algae group. Therefore the test substance has been predicted to be non toxic at the limit of solubility, so the NOEC is 0.045 mg/L. Predicted to be non-toxic at the limit of solubility.
The water solubility of the Alcohols, C16-18 is 0.0412 mg/l at 25 degC (experimental database). This is about 10000 times the water solubility of the test substance. - Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Remarks:
- method for chemicals properties assessment.
- Conclusions:
- A 96 h LC50 value of 0.054 mg/L has been calculated for the effects of the test substance on the mortality of the Algae group. This result signifies that the test substance is not expected to be toxic at the limit of solubility. This result is above the LoS (limit of solubility), therefore the substance is non-toxic at the limit of LoS and LC50 is >LoS.
A reliable 96 h LC50 value of 540 mg/L has been calculated for the effects of the test substance towards Algae group. Therefore the test substance has been predicted to be non toxic at the limit of solubility, so the LC50 is 0.054 mg/L. Predicted to be non-toxic at the limit of solubility.
A NOEC value of 0.045 mg/L has been calculated for the effects of the test substance on the mortality of the Algae group. This result signifies that the test substance is not expected to be toxic at the limit of solubility. This result is above the LoS (limit of solubility), therefore the substance is non-toxic at the limit of LoS and NOEC is >LoS.
A reliable NOEC value of 450 mg/L has been calculated for the effects of the test substance towards Algae group. Therefore the test substance has been predicted to be non toxic at the limit of solubility, so the NOEC is 0.045 mg/L. Predicted to be non-toxic at the limit of solubility.
The water solubility of the Alcohols, C16-18 is 0.0412 mg/l at 25 degC (experimental database). This is about 10000 times the water solubility of the test substance. - Executive summary:
A 96 h LC50 value of 0.054 mg/L has been calculated for the effects of the test substance on the mortality of the Algae group. This result signifies that the test substance is not expected to be toxic at the limit of solubility. This result is above the LoS (limit of solubility), therefore the substance is non-toxic at the limit of LoS and LC50 is >LoS.
A reliable 96 h LC50 value of 540 mg/L has been calculated for the effects of the test substance towards Algae group. Therefore the test substance has been predicted to be non toxic at the limit of solubility, so the LC50 is 0.054 mg/L. Predicted to be non-toxic at the limit of solubility.
A NOEC value of 0.045 mg/L has been calculated for the effects of the test substance on the mortality of the Algae group. This result signifies that the test substance is not expected to be toxic at the limit of solubility. This result is above the LoS (limit of solubility), therefore the substance is non-toxic at the limit of LoS and NOEC is >LoS.
A reliable NOEC value of 450 mg/L has been calculated for the effects of the test substance towards Algae group. Therefore the test substance has been predicted to be non toxic at the limit of solubility, so the NOEC is 0.045 mg/L. Predicted to be non-toxic at the limit of solubility.
The water solubility of the Alcohols, C16-18 is 0.0412 mg/l at 25 degC (experimental database). This is about 10000 times the water solubility of the test substance.
Referenceopen allclose all
Table 1. Cell concentration during the 72 h exposure to dodecanol.
Nominal concentrations (mg/L) | Cell concentration (cells x 104/ml) | |
0 h | 72 h | |
Control | 2 | 106 |
0.021 | 2 | 114 |
0.043 | 2 | 107 |
0.085 | 2 | 110 |
0.171 | 2 | 97 |
0.342 | 2 | 42 |
0.712 | 2 | 25 |
1.424 | 2 | 2 |
Table 1. Cell densities, biomass and growth rate, and percentage inhibition of the test organism treated at a range of concentrations of the test substance. Biomass and growth rate are the mean at 72 h, the percentage inhibition are expressed relative to the period 0 -72 h.
Treatment concentration (measured concentration average mg/L) |
Cell density |
Biomass |
Biomass % inhibition |
Growth rate |
Growth rate % inhibition |
|||
Control 0 |
Replicate # |
24 h |
48 h |
72 h |
|
- |
- |
- |
|
1 |
5.0 |
27.0 |
136.3 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
2 |
4.5 |
27.0 |
138.6 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
3 |
4.6 |
29.3 |
148.6 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
4 |
4.9 |
30.2 |
148.1 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
5 |
4.6 |
29.7 |
140.4 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
6 |
5.1 |
27.8 |
147.7 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Mean (± SD) |
- |
4.8 ± 0.2 |
28.5 ± 1.4 |
143.3 ± 5.5 |
102.4 ±3.8 |
0 |
1.655 ± 0.013 |
0 |
4.72 mg/L |
1 |
3.7 |
26.2 |
154.5 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
2 |
3.1 |
21.6 |
137.8 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
3 |
1.4 |
12.1 |
72.4 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Mean (± SD) |
|
2.7 ± 1.2 |
20.0 ± 7.2 |
121.6 ± 43.4 |
81.0 ± 30.0 |
20.9 |
1.583 ± 0.136 |
4.3 |
11.3 mg/L |
1 |
3.0 |
23.8 |
145.7 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
2 |
3.0 |
17.5 |
118.5 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
3 |
2.6 |
16.6 |
117.0 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Mean (± SD) |
|
2.9 ± 0.2 |
19.3 ± 3.9 |
127.1 ± 16.2 |
83.2 ± 12.1 |
18.7 |
1.613 ± 0.041 |
2.5 |
31.2 mg/L |
1 |
1.6 |
2.2 |
78.5 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
2 |
1.7 |
6.5 |
43.5 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
3 |
2.0 |
8.8 |
27.5 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Mean ± SD |
|
1.7 ± 0.2 |
5.8 ± 3.4 |
49.8 ± 26.1 |
30.0 ± 9.5 |
70.7 |
1.272 ± 0.175 |
23.1 |
50.1 mg/L |
1 |
1.8 |
7.4 |
32.6 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
2 |
2.0 |
7.7 |
36.0 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
3 |
1.9 |
7.1 |
32.6 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Mean (± SD) |
- |
1.9 ± 0.1 |
7.4 ± 0.3 |
33.8 ± 2.0 |
23.6 ± 1.4 |
76.9 |
1.173 ± 0.019 |
29.1 |
111.2 mg/L |
1 |
1.6 |
4.0 |
7.8 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
2 |
1.7 |
2.4 |
4.8 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
3 |
1.5 |
3.5 |
6.0 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Mean (± SD) |
- |
1.6 ± 0.1 |
3.3 ± 0.8 |
6.2 ± 1.5 |
5.5 ± 1.5 |
94.6 |
0.063 ± 0.079 |
63.6 |
Growth rate was significantly reduced between 50.1 and 111.2 mg/L. The calcuated ErL50 was 79.7 mg/L.
Table 2. Results of analytical monitoring (mg/L).
Nominal conc. (mg/L) |
Sample |
Replicate # |
0h (initial) |
24 h |
24 h % of initial |
72 h |
72 h % of initial |
Avergae of all measurements |
7.7 |
with algae |
1 |
4.38 |
5.4 |
123 |
3.7 |
85 |
|
|
|
2 |
|
5.5 |
126 |
3.7 |
85 |
|
|
|
3 |
|
6.0 |
136 |
5.0 |
115 |
|
|
|
Mean |
|
5.6 |
128 |
4.1 |
95 |
4.72 |
|
without algae |
4 |
5.34 |
5.5 |
102 |
5.2 |
97 |
|
|
|
5 |
|
6.00 |
111 |
5.7 |
106 |
|
|
|
mean |
|
5.7 |
107 |
5.4 |
102 |
5.48 |
17 |
with algae* |
1 |
13.6 |
11.9 |
88 |
7.9 |
58 |
|
|
|
2 |
|
12.9 |
95 |
8.7 |
64 |
|
|
|
3 |
|
13.6 |
100 |
7.53 |
56 |
|
|
|
mean |
|
12.8 |
94 |
7.53 |
56 |
11.3 |
|
without algae |
4 |
13.6 |
13.3 |
98 |
8.0 |
59 |
|
|
|
5 |
|
16.8 |
124 |
8.6 |
64 |
|
|
|
mean |
|
15.0 |
120 |
24.1 |
61 |
12.3 |
37 |
with algae** |
1 |
32.5 |
39.0 |
120 |
24.1 |
74 |
|
|
|
2 |
|
24.4 |
75 |
30.1 |
94 |
|
|
|
3 |
|
40.4 |
124 |
26.5 |
82 |
|
|
|
mean |
|
34.6 |
107 |
26.5 |
81.6 |
31.2 |
|
without algae |
4 |
32.5 |
26.3 |
81 |
25.7 |
79.2 |
|
|
|
5 |
|
39.4 |
121 |
19.4 |
60 |
|
|
|
mean |
|
32.8 |
101 |
22.5 |
69 |
29.3 |
82 |
with algae |
1 |
54.7 |
51.0 |
92 |
28.7 |
26 |
|
|
|
2 |
|
62.2 |
113 |
31.5 |
58 |
|
|
|
3 |
|
71.1 |
130 |
34.2 |
63 |
|
|
|
mean |
|
61.3 |
112 |
34.2 |
63 |
50.1 |
|
without algae |
4 |
52.5 |
78.8 |
150 |
42.9 |
82 |
|
|
|
5 |
|
64.6 |
123 |
38.4 |
73 |
|
|
|
mean |
|
71.7 |
137 |
40.7 |
77 |
54.9 |
180 |
with algae |
1 |
112.9 |
120.9 |
107 |
104.3 |
92 |
|
|
|
2 |
|
86.5 |
77 |
113.6 |
101 |
|
|
|
3 |
|
84.9 |
75 |
152.2 |
135 |
|
|
|
mean |
|
97.4 |
86 |
123.4 |
109 |
111.2 |
|
without algae |
4 |
120.0 |
70.6 |
59 |
121.9 |
102 |
|
|
|
5 |
|
75.6 |
63 |
124.7 |
104 |
|
|
|
mean |
|
73.1 |
61 |
123.3 |
103 |
105.5 |
* 0 h measured: 32.0 mg/L; regarded as outlier, omitted from evaluation.
** 0 h measured : 13.5 mg/L; regarded as outlier, omitted from evaluation.
Above are results if the analytical monitoring of the test substance (1 -hexanol) over the experimental duration in all test concentrations with and without algae. The mean measured test concentrations varied in some cases by more than +/20% of the nominal values.
The results are therefore interpreted with respect to the mean measured values. The values in bold are the values effectively used. All values at time 0 h were taken from the test solution prior to the addition of algae. Samples at time 48h and 72h were taken from the exposure vessels.
Table 1. Summary of findings (average of 3 replicates).
Nominal Loading Rates (mg/L) |
Cell concentrations (cells/ml) |
||||
filtered |
unfiltered |
24 h |
48 h |
72 h |
96 h |
0 |
- |
8.3*10^4 |
5.1*10^5 |
1.2*10^6 |
2.7*10^6 |
10 |
- |
1.2*10^5 |
5.2*10^5 |
1.1*10^6 |
2.1*10^6 |
30 |
- |
8.3*10^4 |
5.6*10^5 |
1.1*1 0^6 |
2.2*10^6 |
100 |
- |
7.3*10^4 |
5.1*10^5 |
9.3*10^5 |
1.9*10^6 |
300 |
- |
2.3*10^4 |
6.7*10^4 |
6.2*10^5 |
1.1*10^6 |
- |
0 |
6.0*10^4 |
3.5*10^5 |
1.4*10^6 |
2.6*10^6 |
- |
0.1 |
5.3*10^4 |
3.3*10^5 |
1.2*10^6 |
2.4*10^6 |
- |
0.3 |
7.7*10^4 |
3.1*10^5 |
1.4*10^6 |
2.7*10^6 |
- |
1.0 |
5.0*10^4 |
3.3*10^5 |
1.2*10^6 |
2.4*10^6 |
- |
3.0 |
8.0*10^4 |
3.8*10^5 |
1.4*10^6 |
2.4*10^6 |
- |
10 |
7.3*10^4 |
3.8*10^5 |
1.5*1 0^6 |
2.2*10^6 |
EL values are said not be accurately identified in many cases since there was large variation in the cell concentrations measured (this is not clear from the table of results reported, identical to Table 1 here). All of the concentrations tested in the unfiltered and filtered solutions were above the limit of solubility. Any effect seen at these concentrations should be taken with caution as they may represent effects deriving from physical fouling rather than true toxicity of the test substance. The inconsistent EC values and cell concentrations may well be explained by the fact that the concentrations tested are much higher than the limit of solubility.
Overview of QSARs estimations on aquatic toxicity of
Alcohols, C16-18
to Green algae
Method
|
Results |
Remarks |
Reference |
QSAR estimate |
Green Algae, 96-hr EC50 =0.054 mg/L (ppm) Green Algae, 30-day, NOEC cited as a ChV value = 0.045 mg/L (ppm)
|
Reliable with restrictions, QSAR estimated data |
ECOSAR Program (v1.00) |
Green Algae, 96-hr EC50 =0.054 mg/L (ppm)
Green Algae, 30-day, NOEC cited as a ChV value = 0.045 mg/L (ppm)
Description of key information
A 96 h LC50 value of 0.054 mg/L has been calculated for the effects of the test substance on the mortality of the Algae group. This result signifies that the test substance is not expected to be toxic at the limit of solubility. This result is above the LoS (limit of solubility), therefore the substance is non-toxic at the limit of LoS and LC50 is >LoS.
A reliable 96 h LC50 value of 540 mg/L has been calculated for the effects of the test substance towards Algae group. Therefore the test substance has been predicted to be non toxic at the limit of solubility, so the LC50 is 0.054 mg/L. Predicted to be non-toxic at the limit of solubility.
A NOEC value of 0.045 mg/L has been calculated for the effects of the test substance on the mortality of the Algae group. This result signifies that the test substance is not expected to be toxic at the limit of solubility. This result is above the LoS (limit of solubility), therefore the substance is non-toxic at the limit of LoS and NOEC is >LoS.
A reliable NOEC value of 450 mg/L has been calculated for the effects of the test substance towards Algae group. Therefore the test substance has been predicted to be non toxic at the limit of solubility, so the NOEC is 0.045 mg/L. Predicted to be non-toxic at the limit of solubility.
The water solubility of the Alcohols, C16-18 is 0.0412 mg/l at 25 degC (experimental database). This is about 10000 times the water solubility of the test substance.
Key value for chemical safety assessment
- EC50 for freshwater algae:
- 540 mg/L
- EC50 for marine water algae:
- 54 mg/L
- EC10 or NOEC for freshwater algae:
- 450 mg/L
- EC10 or NOEC for marine water algae:
- 45 mg/L
Additional information
A 96 h LC50 value of 0.054 mg/L has been calculated for the effects of the test substance on the mortality of the Algae group. This result signifies that the test substance is not expected to be toxic at the limit of solubility. This result is above the LoS (limit of solubility), therefore the substance is non-toxic at the limit of LoS and LC50 is >LoS.
A reliable 96 h LC50 value of 540 mg/L has been calculated for the effects of the test substance towards Algae group. Therefore the test substance has been predicted to be non toxic at the limit of solubility, so the LC50 is 0.054 mg/L. Predicted to be non-toxic at the limit of solubility.
A NOEC value of 0.045 mg/L has been calculated for the effects of the test substance on the mortality of the Algae group. This result signifies that the test substance is not expected to be toxic at the limit of solubility. This result is above the LoS (limit of solubility), therefore the substance is non-toxic at the limit of LoS and NOEC is >LoS.
A reliable NOEC value of 450 mg/L has been calculated for the effects of the test substance towards Algae group. Therefore the test substance has been predicted to be non toxic at the limit of solubility, so the NOEC is 0.045 mg/L. Predicted to be non-toxic at the limit of solubility.
The water solubility of the Alcohols, C16-18 is 0.0412 mg/l at 25 degC (experimental database). This is about 10000 times the water solubility of the test substance.
The available data for saltwater algae and cyanobacteria are limited and to obtaine the value for PNECs for saltwaters is taken account a assesment factor 10 to extrapolate to LC50 following the “Guidance on Information Requirement and Chemical Safety Assessment R.10: Characterisation of dose [concentration]- response for environment”and “Table R.10-5 Assessment factors proposed for deriving PNEC water for saltwater for different data sets”, to account for the possibility that greater taxonomic diversity in the marine environment makes it likely that some marine taxa may be more sensitive than the most sensitive freshwater taxa
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