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EC number: 233-899-5 | CAS number: 10421-48-4
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Toxicity to reproduction: other studies
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to reproduction: other studies
- Type of information:
- migrated information: read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Research paper study well documented meeting generally accepted scientific principles
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Neonatal iron exposure induces neurobehavioural dysfunctions in adult mice.
- Author:
- Fredriksson A, Schröder N, Eriksson P, Izquierdo I, Archer T
- Year:
- 1 999
- Bibliographic source:
- Tox App Pharmacol 159: 25-30.
Materials and methods
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Type: other: effect of neonatal exposure on neurobehavioural development in the adult.
Method: other: treatment given neonatally - GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Type of method:
- in vivo
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Iron sulphate
- EC Number:
- 231-753-5
- EC Name:
- Iron sulphate
- Cas Number:
- 7720-78-7
- IUPAC Name:
- iron(2+) sulfate
- Test material form:
- solid: crystalline
- Details on test material:
- Ferromyn (iron succinate) 3.7 mg Fe++/ml was used. Source was stated to be AB Hassle, Goteborg, Sweden. No further information was provided.
Constituent 1
Test animals
- Species:
- mouse
- Strain:
- NMRI
- Sex:
- male
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- Pregnant mice were obtained and allowed to litter. Litters were adjusted post partum to 8-10 offspring with an approximately even sex ratio. The
offspring were maintained with their mothers until weaning. Male offspring only were used for the subsequent investigations, after weaning they
were maintained in groups of 4-6 in a room housing males only. Groups of male mice from 3-4 different litters were treated with the test substance
as indicated above at a constant volume of 10 ml/kg using saline as the vehicle. For behavioural testing each treatment group consisted of 8 mice,
each litter contributing 2-3 pups to each treatment group.
Administration / exposure
- Route of administration:
- oral: gavage
- Details on exposure:
- Pregnant mice were obtained and allowed to litter. Litters were adjusted post partum to 8-10 offspring with an approximately even sex ratio. The
offspring were maintained with their mothers until weaning. Male offspring only were used for the subsequent investigations, after weaning they
were maintained in groups of 4-6 in a room housing males only. Groups of male mice from 3-4 different litters were treated with the test substance
as indicated above at a constant volume of 10 ml/kg using saline as the vehicle. For behavioural testing each treatment group consisted of 8 mice,
each litter contributing 2-3 pups to each treatment group. - Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- not specified
- Duration of treatment / exposure:
- days 10-12 post partum
- Duration of test:
- Behavioural testing was carried out at 3 months of age and consisted of a measurement of spontaneous behaviour using an activity chamber and
radial arm maze acquisition performance were used as measures of possible functional deficits. Motor activity was tested on one occasion only.
For assessment of spontaneous motor activity 3 parameters were assessed, locomotion, rearing and total activity over three successive 20 minute
time periods. In the radial arm maze each mouse was tested once on each of 3 consecutive days. Food was withheld for 24 hours prior to testing. Within 2 weeks of completion of the behavioural testing the mice were sacrificed by cervical dislocation and the brain dissected out from 4 mice per
group. These were later analysed for iron content. Body weight gain was monitored one week after treatment.
Doses / concentrations
- Remarks:
- Doses / Concentrations:
3.7 and 37 mg Fe++/kg body wt
Basis:
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- Pregnant mice were obtained and allowed to litter. Litters were adjusted post partum to 8-10 offspring with an approximately even sex ratio. The
offspring were maintained with their mothers until weaning. Male offspring only were used for the subsequent investigations, after weaning they
were maintained in groups of 4-6 in a room housing males only. Groups of male mice from 3-4 different litters were treated with the test substance
as indicated above at a constant volume of 10 ml/kg using saline as the vehicle. For behavioural testing each treatment group consisted of 8 mice,
each litter contributing 2-3 pups to each treatment group. - Control animals:
- yes, concurrent vehicle
- Details on study design:
- Pregnant mice were obtained and allowed to litter. Litters were adjusted post partum to 8-10 offspring with an approximately even sex ratio. The
offspring were maintained with their mothers until weaning. Male offspring only were used for the subsequent investigations, after weaning they
were maintained in groups of 4-6 in a room housing males only. Groups of male mice from 3-4 different litters were treated with the test substance
as indicated above at a constant volume of 10 ml/kg using saline as the vehicle. For behavioural testing each treatment group consisted of 8 mice,
each litter contributing 2-3 pups to each treatment group.
Behavioural testing was carried out at 3 months of age and consisted of a measurement of spontaneous behaviour using an activity chamber and
radial arm maze acquisition performance were used as measures of possible functional deficits. Motor activity was tested on one occasion only.
For assessment of spontaneous motor activity 3 parameters were assessed, locomotion, rearing and total activity over three successive 20 minute
time periods. In the radial arm maze each mouse was tested once on each of 3 consecutive days. Food was withheld for 24 hours prior to testing. Within 2 weeks of completion of the behavioural testing the mice were sacrificed by cervical dislocation and the brain dissected out from 4 mice per
group. These were later analysed for iron content. Body weight gain was monitored one week after treatment. - Statistics:
- Statistical analysis: The locomotion, rearing, and total activity data over three consecutive 20-min periods in the activity test chambers, as well as the
latency until all 8 pellets were collected and the number of errors, over three consecutive testing days in the radial maze were submitted to a
split-plot ANOVA design (Kirk, 1995). Brain levels of iron were submitted to a one-way ANOVA design (Kirk, 1995). Pairwise testing between the
different treatment groups was performed with the Tukey HSD test (Kirk, 1995).
Results and discussion
Observed effects
the mice were less active in the first 20 minute period and more active in the final test period with little evidence of habituation. There was evidence of a
dose response relationship with the effects being more pronounced in the high dose group. (3) In the radial arm maze learning task, the Fe2+ 37.0 mg/kg group made more errors and showed longer latencies on the final third day of testing. (4) In the two behavioural tests (activity chamber and radial maze), deficits in habituation and deficits in performance increments over successive test
trials were seen in both Fe2+ dose groups (5) Analysis of total iron content (µg/g) in brain regions indicated significantly elevated levels in the basal ganglia, but not frontal cortex, of the Fe2+ 37
mg/kg group.
Any other information on results incl. tables
1)The neonatal treatment with Fe2+ (3.7 or 37.0 mg/kg, Days 10-12) did not influence body weight gain.
(2) In the spontaneous activity test there were significant interaction effects (groups x time periods for all 3 parameters measured. At both dose levels
the mice were less active in the first 20 minute period and more active in the final test period with little evidence of habituation. There was evidence of a
dose response relationship with the effects being more pronounced in the high dose group.
(3) In the radial arm maze learning task, the Fe2+ 37.0 mg/kg group made more errors and showed longer latencies on the final third day of testing.
(4) In the two behavioural tests (activity chamber and radial maze), deficits in habituation and deficits in performance increments over successive test
trials were seen in both Fe2+ dose groups
(5) Analysis of total iron content (µg/g) in brain regions indicated significantly elevated levels in the basal ganglia, but not frontal cortex, of the Fe2+ 37
mg/kg group.
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- Ferromyn (iron succinate) was used to determine whether or not iron exposure (Fe2+) during a selected neonatal period may produce
neurobehavioural changes and alter iron distribution in the brain. The neonatal period is critical for the establishment of normal iron content in the
adult brain.
Increased amounts of iron in the brain may contribute to neurodegenerative processes. - Executive summary:
Pregnant mice were obtained and allowed to litter. Litters were adjusted post partum to 8-10 offspring with an approximately even sex ratio. The
offspring were maintained with their mothers until weaning. Male offspring only were used for the subsequent investigations, after weaning they
were maintained in groups of 4-6 in a room housing males only. Groups of male mice from 3-4 different litters were treated with the test substance
as indicated above at a constant volume of 10 ml/kg using saline as the vehicle. For behavioural testing each treatment group consisted of 8 mice,
each litter contributing 2-3 pups to each treatment group.
Behavioural testing was carried out at 3 months of age and consisted of a measurement of spontaneous behaviour using an activity chamber andradial arm maze acquisition performance were used as measures of possible functional deficits. Motor activity was tested on one occasion only.
For assessment of spontaneous motor activity 3 parameters were assessed, locomotion, rearing and total activity over three successive 20 minute
time periods.
In the radial arm maze each mouse was tested once on each of 3 consecutive days. Food was withheld for 24 hours prior to testing.
Within 2 weeks of completion of the behavioural testing the mice were sacrificed by cervical dislocation and the brain dissected out from 4 mice pergroup. These were later analysed for iron content.
Body weight gain was monitored one week after treatment.Ferromyn (iron succinate) was used to determine whether or not iron exposure (Fe2+) during a selected neonatal period may produce neurobehavioural changes and alter iron distribution in the brain. The neonatal period is critical for the establishment of normal iron content in the adult brain.
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