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Diss Factsheets
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EC number: 215-147-8 | CAS number: 1306-23-6
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
![](https://echa.europa.eu/o/diss-blank-theme/images/factsheets/A-REACH/factsheet/print_toxicological-information.png)
Developmental toxicity / teratogenicity
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- developmental toxicity
- Type of information:
- migrated information: read-across based on grouping of substances (category approach)
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- No information
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: (1) Reliable without restriction
Cross-referenceopen allclose all
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to other study
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- study report
- Title:
- Unnamed
- Year:
- 1 995
Materials and methods
Test guidelineopen allclose all
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 414 (Prenatal Developmental Toxicity Study)
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- other: EC TM B31 Dir. 87/302/EEC 30/05/88
- Deviations:
- not specified
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Not applicable
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Remarks:
- in compliance with United States FDA GLP regulations (21 CFR, Part 58)
- Limit test:
- no
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Cadmium oxide
- EC Number:
- 215-146-2
- EC Name:
- Cadmium oxide
- Cas Number:
- 1306-19-0
- IUPAC Name:
- oxocadmium
- Details on test material:
- Name of test material-CdO
SOURCE: Lot 110383 from Johnson Matthey Aesar Group (Seabrook, NH)
PURITY: 99.4 %
Impurities : 400 ppm chlorine, all other impurities detected totaled less than 263 ppm
Constituent 1
Test animals
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- Sprague-Dawley
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Simonsen Laboratories (Gilroy, CA)
- Age at study initiation: 14 wk
- Weight at study initiation: Female : 92-94 (mean body weight per group)
- Housing: in individual cages within the exposure chambers
- Diet : NIH-07 Open Formula Diet (Zeigler Brothers, Inc., Gardners, PA) in pellet form
- Water : City water (Richland, WA), ad libitum
- Acclimation period: 12-15 d
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Photoperiod (hrs dark / hrs light): 12/12
Administration / exposure
- Route of administration:
- inhalation
- Type of inhalation exposure (if applicable):
- whole body
- Vehicle:
- unchanged (no vehicle)
- Details on exposure:
- Particle size: MMAD = 1.1 - 1.6 µm, GSD : 1.7-1.8
- Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- not specified
- Details on analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- No information
- Details on mating procedure:
- 2 to 3 females were cohoused overnight with each males. On the first day of vaginal plug or sperm detection (gestation d 0), positively mated females were assigned to exposure groups by weights. Breeding was conducted for 3 consecutive nights.
- Duration of treatment / exposure:
- Gestation Day 4-19
- Frequency of treatment:
- 6h and 16 min/d; 7 d/wk
- Duration of test:
- Sacrifice on Gestation Day 20
Doses / concentrations
- Remarks:
- Doses / Concentrations:
0, 0.05, 0.5 or 2 mg/m3
Basis:
nominal conc.
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 32 positively mated females/ exposure group
- Control animals:
- yes
- Details on study design:
- No information
Examinations
- Maternal examinations:
- PARAMETERS ASSESSED DURING THE STUDY
Clinical observations performed and frequency: recorded twice daily rats were weighed on gestation Days 0, 4, 6, 10, 14, 17 and on the day of necropsy
Parameters assessed during study (maternal):
- Maternal livers, kidneys and uteri were weighed.
- Corpora lutea, implantation sites, resorptions were counted.
- Extra-gestational weight change was calculated by subtracting the gravid uterine weight from the maternal body weight.
- Uteri with no visible implantation sites were stained with ammonium sulfide to detect very early resorptions.
- Placentas were examined and discarded unless abnormal. - Ovaries and uterine content:
- The ovaries and uterine content was examined after termination: Yes
Examinations included:
- Gravid uterus weight: Yes
- Number of corpora lutea: Yes
- Number of implantations: Yes
- Number of resorptions: Yes - Fetal examinations:
- Parameters assessed during study (maternal):
- Live and dead fetuses were counted
- Live fetuses were weighed and examined for gross defects and then killed and sexed.
- Half of the fetuses from each litter as fetuses wth gross external abnormalities were examined for visceral defects using methods adapted from Staples (1974). The other half of the fetuses were decapitated; heads were fixed in Bouin's fixative, sectioned and examined for soft-tissue craniofacial defects. All carcasses were double stained with Alcian blue and alizarin Red S and examined for skeletal malformations. - Statistics:
- Exposure-related trends in pregnancy indices were determined by the Cochran-armitage test (Armitage, 1971). Each exposed group was compared
to the control group with a chi-square test (Conover, 1971). Organ and bosy weight data, which have approximately normal distributions, were analyzed with the parametric multiple comparisons procedures of Williams (1971, 1972) and Dunnett (1955). Exposure group means for data with skewed distributions were analyzed using the nonparametric multiple comparisons methods of Shirley (1977) or Dunn (1964). Jonckheere's test (1954) was used to assess the significance of dose-response trends and to determine whether a trend-sensitive test (William' or Shirley's test) was more
appropriate for pairwise comparisons than a test that does not assume a monotonic dose response (Dunnett's or Dunn's test). Trend-sensitive tests were used when Joncheere's test was significant at a P-value less than 0.1. The significance of the dose-response trend for extra-gestational weight
change was tested with the SAS General Linear Models Procedure (SAS, 1985). For fetal malformations and variations, the arc sine transformation of
each proportional incidence was analyzed against the class variable, "treatment", using a one-way analysis of variance test. A Tukey's t-test (two-tailed) was used to assess statistically significant differences between control and exposed groups. If appropriate, the dose-response relationship was
determined by an orthogonal trend test (Winer, 1971). - Indices:
- No information
- Historical control data:
- No information
Results and discussion
Results: maternal animals
Maternal developmental toxicity
- Details on maternal toxic effects:
- Maternal toxic effects:yes
Details on maternal toxic effects:
TOXIC RESPONSE/EFFECTS BY DOSE LEVEL:
Maternal data : One female rat in the highest exposure group died on gestation Day 17. Pregnancy index were respectively 81%, 88 %, 91 % and 97 % in the control, low, medium and high dose groups. Clinical signs of toxicity included dyspnea in all exposed groups ; the incidence, duration and severity being dose-related. In addition, hypoactivity was noted in most rats at 2 mg/m3. Mean body weight and body weight gain of pregnant females from the highest exposure group were significantly lower than those of the control group (respectively 87 % and 59 % of the control). In addition, at this dose level, absolute and relative liver weights and absolute kidney weight were significantly lower than in the controls (respectively 82 %, 95 % and 91 % of the controls), while relative uterine and kidney weights were significantly greater than the controls (respectively 110 % and 105 %).
Effect levels (maternal animals)
open allclose all
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- 0.5 mg/m³ air
- Basis for effect level:
- other: maternal toxicity
- Dose descriptor:
- LOAEL
- Effect level:
- 2 mg/m³ air
- Basis for effect level:
- other: maternal toxicity
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- 0.5 mg/m³ air
- Basis for effect level:
- other: developmental toxicity
- Dose descriptor:
- LOAEL
- Effect level:
- 2 mg/m³ air
- Basis for effect level:
- other: developmental toxicity
Results (fetuses)
- Details on embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:
- Embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:yes
Details on embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:
Foetal data : No effect on the number of implantations per dam, litters with resorptions or resorptions per litter were noted. In addition, no statistically significant differences in fetal mortality, number of live fetuses per litter or sex ratios were observed. Mean body weights of male and female fetuses from the highest exposed group were significantly lower than those of the controls (84 % of the control for M and 83 % of the control for F). No significant increase of the incidence of total fetal malformations or of the mean percent of malformed fetuses per litter. In addition, no statistically significant differences were observed between the control and exposed groups in the overall incidence of fetal variations (14.6 %, 21.7 %, 20.6 % and 28.3 %) or the mean percent of fetuses per litter with variations (14.3 %, 21.2 %, 20.6 % and 27.8 %). However, the mean percent of fetuses per litter with reduced ossifications of the pelvis (2.4 %, 2.3 %, 3.4 % and 12 %) and sternabrae (4.4 %, 7.5 %, 8.4 % and 24.7 %) dose-relately increased, with both parameters being significantly greater at 2 mg/m3.
Fetal abnormalities
- Abnormalities:
- not specified
Overall developmental toxicity
- Developmental effects observed:
- not specified
Any other information on results incl. tables
None
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- Maternal toxicity was observed in rats exposed to 2 mg/m3 CdO as evidenced by a decrease in body weight and body weight gain and presence of clinical signs of toxicity. There was no evidence of embryolethality at any exposure level. However, in rats exposed to 2 mg/m3, developmental toxicity was evidenced by lower fetal weights and a significant increase in the incidence of reduced skeletal ossification.
- Executive summary:
A study was conducted to evaluate the teratogenic effects of the test material in SD rats.
Sperm-positive female Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to 0, 0.05, 0.5, or 2 mg/m3 cadmium oxide 6 h/d, 7 d/wk, from gestation Day 4 through 19.
Maternal toxicity was observed in Sprague-Dawley rats exposed to 2 mg/m3 cadmium oxide and included body weights lower than those of the controls and clinical signs of toxicity (dyspnea and hypoactivity). There was no evidence of embryolethality in rats at any exposure level. However, in rats exposed to 2 mg/m 3, developmental toxicity was evidenced by lower fetal weights and a significant increase in the incidence of reduced skeletal ossifications.
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
Reproduction or further distribution of this information may be subject to copyright protection. Use of the information without obtaining the permission from the owner(s) of the respective information might violate the rights of the owner.
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