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EC number: 205-443-5 | CAS number: 140-93-2
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Developmental toxicity / teratogenicity
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- developmental toxicity
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- data from handbook or collection of data
- Justification for type of information:
- Carbon disulphide has been demonstrated to form during hydrolysis in gastric fluid.
Any oral toxicity on the xanthate needs to consider oral effects of carbon disulphide and the corresponding alcohol
Data access has been requested, but this summary is extracted from disseminated information published by ECHA
Further animal testing on the xanthate cannot be justified
Cross-referenceopen allclose all
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- exposure-related information
- Remarks:
- Due to rapid hydrolysis in gastric fluid, oral ingestion of xanthates will result in formation of carbon disulphide
Reference
- Endpoint:
- hydrolysis
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- test procedure in accordance with generally accepted scientific standards and described in sufficient detail
- Justification for type of information:
- Special study performed to confirm rapid hydrolysis of potassium and sodium xanthates in simulated gastric fluid with identification of key metabolites.
This study is used to justify the use of surrogate data in animal testing on the basis that if ingested, the substance will rapidly degrade. - Qualifier:
- no guideline followed
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Study of the decomposition of eight samples of xanthates in simulated gastric fluid; sodium isoamyl xanthate, sodium isobutyl xanthate, sodium ethyl xanthateр potassium isoamyl xanthate, potassium ethyl xanthate (PEX). sodium isopropyl xanthate (SIPX), Potassium amyl xanthate and potassium isobutyl xanthate
The chemical reaction for this decomposition is:
Xanthate Salt + Hydrochloric acid Alcohol + Sodium Chloride + Carbon Disulphide
The reaction between simulated gastric fluid and the xanthate salts was carried out at 0oC for reasons of safety, as the reaction was expected to occur very quickly. The reaction mixture was then allowed to warm to room temperature over 1 hour, the final temperature being 25oC. A high degree of degradation at this temperature would lead to the inference that degradation would be at least as complete, if not more so, in actual gastric conditions.
Following the reaction solvent was added to produce a biphasic mixture, and the resulting organic
phases were analysed by GC-MS to confirm the presence of the corresponding alcohols. These
alcohols were quantified by comparison to known standards in order to confirm the completeness of the reaction, and to show that these salts behave in the same way under these reaction conditions. - Radiolabelling:
- no
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Buffers:
- Performed at pH 1.5 in synthetic gastric fluid
- Details on test conditions:
- Performed at 5 g/l to simulate possible concentration following ingestion
Performed at low temperatures for safety reasons due to exothermic nature of reaction - Duration:
- 1 h
- pH:
- 1.5
- Temp.:
- 0 °C
- Initial conc. measured:
- ca. 5 000 mg/L
- Remarks:
- Performed at initial temperature of 0 C, but in view of exothermic reaction, temperature will have risen by the end of the reaction.
- Number of replicates:
- One replicate per substance
A number of xanthates were evaluated as part of this study; all showed the same outcome - Positive controls:
- no
- Negative controls:
- no
- Statistical methods:
- Not required
- Preliminary study:
- No
- Transformation products:
- yes
- No.:
- #1
- No.:
- #2
- No.:
- #3
- No.:
- #4
- Details on hydrolysis and appearance of transformation product(s):
- Exothermic reaction. No direct measurement of carbon disulphide possible, but elemental sulphur noted (estimated to be as dissolved sulphur dioxide or sulphates
- % Recovery:
- 0
- pH:
- 1.5
- Temp.:
- 0 °C
- Duration:
- 1 h
- Remarks on result:
- other: No parent material detected
- Remarks on result:
- not determinable because of methodological limitations
- Remarks:
- Too rapid to determine a rate constant
- Details on results:
- Rapid exothermic reaction in simulated gastric fluid at a loading of 5g/l
- Executive summary:
Based on analysis of the alcohols. degradation of sodium isopropyl xanthate (SIPX), was found to be 100% under the experimental conditions and degradation of potassium amyl xanthate was found to give 93% under the experimental conditions , potassium isobutyl xanthate was found to give 94%, sodium isobutyl xanthate was found to give 96% under the experimental conditions . However, no xanthates could be found at the end of the exposure period.
To confirm that potassium salts will behave in a similar manner, potassium xanthates was added to simulated gastric fluid under the same conditions as the sodium salts above. A liquid-liquid extraction was performed with ethyl acetate and the organic solvent analysed using GCMS. The corresponding alcohol was observed in the resulting gas chromatogram, as expected.
NMR spectroscopy did not provide any further evidence of the presence of xanthate post addition to gastric fluid.
To confirm that the sodium or potassium remains in solution as the chloride salt, ICP-OES analysis was carried out on the aqueous phase of the reaction mixture, as well as on the simulated gastric fluid with the difference between the two measurements being an indication of how much sodium or potassium has been added as a result of the xanthate degradation. The analysis showed increased levels of potassium and sodium in the gastric fluid phase upon addition of potassium and sodium xanthates respectively. This provides further evidence that the potassium salts behave in a similar manner to the sodium salts under the experimental conditions.
The increase in sodium could not be quantified owing to the high levels of Na observed, and the addition of Na from processing.For Potassium Xanthates, a significant increase in potassium was observed and the potassium and sodium salts can be considered as behaving in identical manner.
Carbon disulphide was not detected and due to limitations of the methods detection of carbon dioxide or sulphur dioxide was not possible. There was no reported odour of carbon dislulphide.
Sodium isoamyl xanthate, sodium isobutyl xanthate, sodium ethyl xanthateр potassium isoamyl xanthate, potassium ethyl xanthate (PEX), sodium isopropyl xanthate (SIPX), Potassium amyl xanthate and potassium isobutyl xanthate were added to separate solutions of simulated gastric fluid at 0 C over 1 hour. The low starting temperature was to prevent reaction occurring too quickly, for reasons of safety.
Following the reaction, a liquid-liquid extraction was performed with ethyl acetate and the organic solvent analysed using GCMS. The extracts were compared to a standard curve of ethanol, isoamyl alcohol and isobutyl alcohol were quantified.
Based on analysis of the alcohols. degradation of sodium isopropyl xanthate (SIPX), was found to be 100% under the experimental conditions and degradation of potassium amyl xanthate was found to give 93% under the experimental conditions , potassium isobutyl xanthate was found to give 94%, sodium isobutyl xanthate was found to give 96% under the experimental conditions . However, no xanthates could be found at the end of the exposure period.
To confirm that potassium salts will behave in a similar manner, potassium xanthates was added to simulated gastric fluid under the same conditions as the sodium salts above. A liquid-liquid extraction was performed with ethyl acetate and the organic solvent analysed using GCMS. Isoamyl alcohol was observed in the resulting gas chromatogram, as expected.
NMR spectroscopy did not provide any further evidence of the presence of xanthate post addition to gastric fluid.
To confirm that the sodium or potassium remains in solution as the chloride salt, ICP-OES analysis was carried out on the aqueous phase of the reaction mixture, as well as on the simulated gastric fluid with the difference between the two measurements being an indication of how much sodium or potassium has been added as a result of the xanthate degradation. The analysis showed increased levels of potassium and sodium in the gastric fluid phase upon addition of potassium and sodium xanthates respectively. This provides further evidence that the potassium salts behave in a similar manner to the sodium salts under the experimental conditions.
The increase in sodium could not be quantified owing to the high levels of Na observed, and the addition of Na from processing.
For Potassium Xanthates, a significant increase in potassium was observed and the potassium and sodium salts can be considered as behaving in identical manner.
Carbon disulphide was not detected and due to limitations of the methods detection of carbon dioxide or sulphur dioxide was not possible. There was no reported odour of carbon dislulphide.
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across: supporting information
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across: supporting information
Reference
- Endpoint:
- hydrolysis
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- test procedure in accordance with generally accepted scientific standards and described in sufficient detail
- Justification for type of information:
- Report prepared for the Norwegian Government regarding degradation of xanthates in seawater
Peer reviewed publication.
Confirms degradation pathways and attempts to quantify formation of CS2 - Qualifier:
- no guideline followed
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Experiments were performed to evaluate the kinetics of degradation of Sodium Isopropyl Xanthate (SIPX) in marine water.
Both, the decay of the target compound SIPX and the production of carbon disulphide (CS2) have been tracked in time-course experiments during 28 days.
In order to distinguish between two anticipated degradation pathways, hydrolysis and biological degradation, the decay of SIPX in marine water has been tracked through experiments in sterile and non-sterile water. Apart from CS2 other potential transformation products were investigated - GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Radiolabelling:
- no
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Buffers:
- Performed with sea water under natural pH 7.5
- Details on test conditions:
- 28 days duration at 9.5 C
- Duration:
- 28 d
- pH:
- 7.5
- Temp.:
- 9.5 °C
- Initial conc. measured:
- ca. 10 mg/L
- Number of replicates:
- Not specified
- Positive controls:
- no
- Negative controls:
- yes
- Remarks:
- Pure water. No test material
- Transformation products:
- yes
- No.:
- #1
- No.:
- #2
- % Recovery:
- 0
- pH:
- 7.5
- Temp.:
- 95
- Duration:
- 28 d
- pH:
- 7.5
- Temp.:
- 9.5
- DT50:
- ca. 7 d
- Type:
- not specified
- Details on results:
- Degradation of SIPX was observed at investigated conditions.
The concentrations of CS2 found are below the theatrical concentration (around 1.8 mg/L) expected for the degradation observed in the solution with initial concentration of 10 mg/L of SIPX.
The evolution observed in the concentration of SIPX and the CS2 during the 28 days period might be explained as intermediates generated would be unnoticed since the analysis was only focusing in the CS2 measurements.
After several days of SIPX exposure, the microbial community naturally present in marine water might adapt to the media and lead to reducing conditions in the sample with biodegradation of the carbon disulphide to sulphates and CO2 - Conclusions:
- Degradation of SIPX was observed at investigated conditions.
- Executive summary:
The concentrations of CS2 found are below the theatrical concentration (around 1.8 mg/L) expected for the degradation observed in the solution with initial concentration of 10 mg/L of SIPX.
The evolution observed in the concentration of SIPX and the CS2 during the 28 days period might be explained as intermediates generated would be unnoticed since the analysis was only focusing in the CS2 measurements.
After several days of SIPX exposure, the microbial community naturally present in marine water might adapt to the media and lead to reducing conditions in the sample with biodegradation of the carbon disulphide to sulphates and CO2. This is in with other studies, including the microbial biodegradation of the Zahn Wellens showing 98% evolution of carbon as CO2.
Data source
Referenceopen allclose all
- Reference Type:
- study report
- Title:
- Unnamed
- Year:
- 1 984
- Reference Type:
- review article or handbook
- Title:
- Unnamed
- Year:
- 2 022
Materials and methods
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 414 (Prenatal Developmental Toxicity Study)
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Remarks:
- Pre-dates widespread introduction of GLP Data set considered valid
- Limit test:
- no
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Carbon disulphide
- EC Number:
- 200-843-6
- EC Name:
- Carbon disulphide
- Cas Number:
- 75-15-0
- Molecular formula:
- CS2
- IUPAC Name:
- dithioxomethane
Constituent 1
Test animals
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- other: CD
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- Age 8 - 12 weeks at start of study
TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Charles River Breeding Laboratories, Inc. (Kingston, NY)
- Age at study initiation: 8-12 weeks
- Housing: solid bottoom polypropylene or polycarbonate cages with stainless steel wire lids
- Diet: ad libitum
- Water: ad libitum
- Acclimation period: 14 days quarantine period
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°C): 18-20
- Humidity (%): 52-77
- Air changes (per hr): 12-14
- Photoperiod (hrs dark / hrs light): 12
Administration / exposure
- Route of administration:
- oral: gavage
- Vehicle:
- corn oil
- Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- yes
- Details on mating procedure:
- - Impregnation procedure: cohoused
- If cohoused:
- M/F ratio per cage: 1/1
- Length of cohabitation: overnight
- Proof of pregnancy: sperm in vaginal smear referred to as day 0 of pregnancy - Duration of treatment / exposure:
- Gestation day 6 to 15
- Frequency of treatment:
- Daily
- Duration of test:
- From gestation day 6 to 15
Doses / concentrationsopen allclose all
- Dose / conc.:
- 0 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Dose / conc.:
- 100 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Dose / conc.:
- 200 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Dose / conc.:
- 400 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Dose / conc.:
- 600 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 22-27 (in total; two replicates)
- Control animals:
- yes, concurrent vehicle
- Details on study design:
- - Dose selection rationale: based on a preliminary toxicity study performed. The doses applied were: 0, 10, 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg bw/day
Examinations
- Maternal examinations:
- CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: before exposure, 0 and 4 h after exposure
BODY WEIGHT: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: gestation day 0, 6 through 15 (prior to daily dosing) and 20 (immediately after sacrifice)
POST-MORTEM EXAMINATIONS: Yes
- Sacrifice on gestation day 20
- Organ weights measured: liver, gravide uterine
- Status of uterine implantation sites were examined (i.e. number of implants, resorptions, dead fetuses and live fetuses) - Ovaries and uterine content:
- The ovaries and uterine content was examined after termination: Yes
Examinations included:
- Gravid uterus weight: Yes
- Number of corpora lutea: Yes
- Number of implantations: Yes
- Number of early resorptions: Yes
- Number of late resorptions: Yes - Blood sampling:
- Not specified
- Fetal examinations:
- Yes; external, visceral, skeletal and head
The following observations were recorded: live litter size, individual body weight, sex and gross morphological abnormalities
- External examinations: Yes
- Visceral examinations: Yes, all live fetuses
- Skeletal examinations: Yes, all per litter
- Head examinations: Yes, half per litter - Statistics:
- Non-parametric statistics, Kruskal-Wallis test, ANOVA, Mann-Whitney U test, Jonckheere's test, one-tailed Fischer's exact test, two-way ANOVA design, William's test, Dunnett's test
- Historical control data:
- Not specified
Results and discussion
Results: maternal animals
General toxicity (maternal animals)
- Clinical signs:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Lethargy, ataxia, abnormal posture and rough coat
- Mortality:
- mortality observed, non-treatment-related
- Description (incidence):
- One female, mid dose
- Body weight and weight changes:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Decrease in body weight for highest doses
- Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):
- not specified
- Food efficiency:
- not examined
- Water consumption and compound intake (if drinking water study):
- not examined
- Ophthalmological findings:
- not examined
- Haematological findings:
- not specified
- Clinical biochemistry findings:
- not specified
- Endocrine findings:
- not examined
- Urinalysis findings:
- not examined
- Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Increased liver weights in higher dose groups
- Gross pathological findings:
- no effects observed
- Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:
- no effects observed
- Histopathological findings: neoplastic:
- no effects observed
Maternal developmental toxicity
- Number of abortions:
- no effects observed
- Pre- and post-implantation loss:
- no effects observed
- Total litter losses by resorption:
- no effects observed
- Dead fetuses:
- no effects observed
- Changes in pregnancy duration:
- not examined
- Other effects:
- no effects observed
- Details on maternal toxic effects:
- Maternal toxic effects:yes
Details on maternal toxic effects:
Substance-treated animals exerted clinical signs of toxicity: lehtargy, ataxia, abnormal posture, rigidity and/or paralysis of the hindlimbs, and rough or erect coat. No deaths were observed, except for 1 (1/25, 4%) animal at the 400 mg/kg bw dose level. After sacrifice pregnacy was confirmed in 92%, 82.8%, 81.5%, 92.3, and 100% of females in the control, 100, 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg bw/ day groups, respectively. Maternal body weights were depressed significantly on gestation days 11, 15 and 20 for the groups exposed to the last two doses, when compared to the controls. For the dose groups of 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg bw/day, a significant decrease in absolute body weight gain was observed during treatment. Gravid uterine weights showed a dose-consistent decreasing trend; still, not significant. Larger relative liver weights were measured in the two high dose groups.
Effect levels (maternal animals)
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- 100 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect level:
- body weight and weight gain
- organ weights and organ / body weight ratios
- Remarks on result:
- other: Toxicological significance of maternal effects not specified
Maternal abnormalities
- Abnormalities:
- not specified
Results (fetuses)
- Fetal body weight changes:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Weight decrease in highest dose groups
- Reduction in number of live offspring:
- no effects observed
- Changes in sex ratio:
- no effects observed
- Changes in litter size and weights:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Reduced weights of litters at higher doses, mirroring maternal effect
- Changes in postnatal survival:
- no effects observed
- External malformations:
- effects observed, non-treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Across various dose levels and within historical control
- Skeletal malformations:
- effects observed, non-treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Across various dose levels and within historical control
- Visceral malformations:
- effects observed, non-treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Across various dose levels and within historical control
- Details on embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:
- Embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:yes. Remark: fetal toxicity, but no teratogenic effects
Details on embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:
No statistically signifcant changes were observed in: implantation sites/litter, proportion of litters with resorbed, dead, nonlive or affected fettuses, number of live fetuses/live litter, % of males/live litter. Average fetal body weight/litter was decreased significantly in both sexes for the dose groups of 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg bw. The percent of fetuses malformed per litter (but not the proportion of litters with one or more malformed fetuses) and the percent of females malformed per litter was significantly different across the groups. However, a clear dose-related trend was not observed. The percent of of malformed fetuses declined at the high dose group (0.53%) in comparison to the control (~5%) and no individual group showed a significant difference when compared to the control. What follows is stated in the report, with some modifications: Four fetuses exhibited malformations which had not been previously observed in historical control fetuses. These anomalies included (1) branched rib observed in one fetus with multiple skeletal defects, edema and low body weight (2.32 g) in the 100 mg/kg/day CS2 group; (2) micromelia observed in one fetus (200 mg/kg/day CS2 group), with low body weight (2.58 g), edema and bilateral anophthalmia, (3) constricted tail in one fetus (200 mg/kg/day CS group) with low body weight (2.95 g), and (4) displaced ovaries, fused kidneys and missing adrenals in one fetus with low body weight (2.32 g) and multiple skeletal malformations in the 400 mg/kg/day CS2 group.
Effect levels (fetuses)
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- 100 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male/female
- Basis for effect level:
- fetal/pup body weight changes
Fetal abnormalities
- Abnormalities:
- effects observed, non-treatment-related
- Localisation:
- other: Various changes - no obvious significance
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Various effects observed but within historical levels.
Overall developmental toxicity
- Developmental effects observed:
- yes
- Lowest effective dose / conc.:
- 200 mg/kg bw/day
- Treatment related:
- yes
- Relation to maternal toxicity:
- developmental effects as a secondary non-specific consequence of maternal toxicity effects
- Dose response relationship:
- yes
- Relevant for humans:
- not specified
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- Oral treatment produced dose-related maternal and foetal toxicity at 200 mg/kg bw/day or higher.
There was no increase in the incidence of malformed foetuses.
Carbon disulfide oral gavage treatment produced dose-related maternal and fetal toxicity when administered in CD rats at doses including and above 200 mg/kg bw/daily, but did not increase the incidence of malformed fetuses. - Executive summary:
Carbon disulfide (CS2), was evaluated for teratogenic effects in timed-pregnant CD rats. The following doses were administered: 0, 100, 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg/day in corn oil by gavage, in a volume of 5 ml/kg bw, on gestational days (gd) 6 to 15. All animals were sacrificed on gestation day 20. The gravid uterus for each dam was weighed and the number of implantation sites, and live, dead or resorbed fetuses were recorded. All live fetuses were weighed and examined for external, visceral and skeletal malformations. For the dose groups of 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg bw/day, a significant decrease in absolute maternal body weight gain was observed during treatment. Gravid uterine weights showed a dose-consistent decreasing trend; still, not significant. Larger relative liver weights were measured in the two high dose groups. Fetal body weights were decreased in rats exposed to 200 mg/kg bw/day and above.
There was no compound-related increase in malformations of the offspring.
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