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EC number: 205-439-3 | CAS number: 140-89-6
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Endpoint summary
Administrative data
Description of key information
-The acute eye irritation study indicates that Potassium ethyl xanthate (the result was read across from sodium ethyl xanthate) as a powder caused mild to moderate irritation, while it is not an irritant in the diluted form (10% solution).
-The results of the study (Hazleton Laboratories 1951) indicate that Potassium ethyl xanthate (the result was read across from sodium ethyl xanthate) is a moderate irritant to the skin while the 10% solution is non irritating to the skin.
Based on the descriptions of the lesions it is considered that Potassium ethyl xanthate (the result was read across from Isobutyl Alcohol) is classifiable as an moderately irritant according to EU criteria
-The results of the study (Dow Chemical Company 1976) indicate that Potassium ethyl xanthate (the result was read across from potassium amyl xanthate) has an adverse effect at concentration of 252mg/m3 on the central nervous system and liver in mice, the liver and kidneys in rats and the liver in dogs.
Signs of irritation of respiratory tract and Nasal effects were observed in rats as Reddish nasal discharge.
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Skin irritation / corrosion
Link to relevant study records
- Endpoint:
- skin irritation: in vivo
- Type of information:
- migrated information: read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Qualifier:
- no guideline followed
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- This study was conducted in 1951 and was repeated later in the same year. Exposure in both studies was for 18 hrs and was not according to the OECD Guidelines for acute dermal irritation (4 hrs) or for dermal toxicity (24 hrs). The initial study was performed to assess dermal irritation but deaths during the study led to further studies. Sodium ethyl xanthate was administered by occlusive application to the shaved abdomen of the rabbits either as 1.0 ml/kg of a 10% aqueous solution or as 1 gm/kg of the 100% dry material in a paste formed with water. The animals were observed for 12 days.
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Species:
- rabbit
- Strain:
- not specified
- Type of coverage:
- occlusive
- Preparation of test site:
- shaved
- Vehicle:
- other: 10% aqueous solution and unchanged (no vehicle)
- Controls:
- yes
- Amount / concentration applied:
- Sodium ethyl xanthate was administered by occlusive application to the shaved abdomen of the rabbits either as 1.0 ml/kg of a 10% aqueous solution or as 1 gm/kg of the 100% dry material in a paste formed with water. The animals were observed for 12 days.
- Observation period:
- The animals were observed for 12 days.
- Number of animals:
- 12
- Details on study design:
- This study was conducted in 1951 and was repeated later in the same year. Exposure in both studies was for 18 hrs and was not according to the OECD Guidelines for acute dermal irritation (4 hrs)or for dermal toxicity (24 hrs).The initial study was performed to assess dermal irritation but deaths during the study led to further studies. Sodium ethyl xanthate was administered by occlusive application to the shaved abdomen of the rabbits either as 1.0 ml/kg of a 10% aqueous solution or as 1 gm/kg of the 100% dry material in a paste formed with water. The animals were observed for 12 days.
- Irritation parameter:
- other: oedema and pigmentation of the skin.
- Basis:
- mean
- Time point:
- other: 24 hrs
- Reversibility:
- not fully reversible within: 14 days
- Remarks on result:
- other: Application of 1 gm/kg of sodium ethyl xanthate in the form of a paste resulted in the death of ten out of twelve animals within 24 hrs. The surviving animals had moderate irritation with oedema and pigmentation of the skin.
- Irritant / corrosive response data:
- Application of 1 gm/kg of sodium ethyl xanthate in the form of a paste resulted in the death of ten out of twelve animals within 24 hrs. The surviving animals developed irritant effects including oedema and pigmentation of the skin.
Clinical Observations :surviving animal had moderate irritation with oedema and pigmentation of the skin. - Other effects:
- Moderate amount of peritoneal fluid, visceral organs were normal.
Haemorrhagic lungs and peritoneal and pleural fluid. Other changes were markedly cyanotic ears (2/5), haemorrhagic conditions (2/5) and evidence of diarrhoea (3/5).
The liver appeared darkand mottled and the kidneys showed spotty haemorrhages - Interpretation of results:
- moderately irritating
- Remarks:
- Migrated information Criteria used for interpretation of results: EU
- Conclusions:
- Under the conditions of the study, application of 10% solution of sodium ethyl xanthate (pH 10.5 to 11) for 18 hrs did not cause skin irritation in rabbits. Similar application of 1 gm/kg of sodium ethyl xanthate in the form of a paste resulted in the death of ten out of twelve animals within 24 hrs. The surviving animals developed irritant effects including oedema and pigmentation of the skin. The sulphide odour noted during the study suggests that decomposition of sodium ethyl xanthate occurred. The results of the study (Hazleton Laboratories 1951) indicate that Potassium ethyl xanthate (the result was read across from sodium ethyl xanthate) is a moderate irritant while the10% solution is non irritating to the skin.
- Executive summary:
The results of the study (Hazleton Laboratories 1951) indicate that Potassium ethyl xanthate (the result was read across from sodium ethyl xanthate) is a moderate irritant while the10% solution is non irritating to the skin.
Reference
The dermal irritation/toxicity study in rabbits indicates that sodium ethyl xanthate powder
is a moderate irritant while the10% solution is non irritating to the skin.
Results of the dermal application studies are summarised in Table 4.
Table 4: |
Effects of sodium ethyl xanthate following dermal application |
||
Animals |
Dose |
Clinical Observations |
Gross pathology |
3 rabbits |
1 ml/kg, as 10% solution
|
No skin irritation. |
No substance related changes.
|
3 rabbits |
1 gm/kg, as a paste |
2/3 died; surviving animal had moderate irritation with oedema and pigmentation of the skin.
|
Moderate amount of peritoneal fluid, visceral organs were normal.
|
5 male rabbits
|
1 gm/kg, as a paste |
5/5 died following overnight exposure; oedemaof the skin with pigmentation.
|
Haemorrhagic lungs andperitoneal and pleural fluid. Other changes were markedly cyanotic ears (2/5), haemorrhagic conditions (2/5) and evidence of diarrhoea (3/5).
|
1 male rabbit
|
1 gm/kg, as a more liquid paste than above
|
Moderate oedema and pigmentation of the skin.
|
No substance related changes.
|
3 rabbits |
1 gm/kg as a paste |
All 3 animals died within24 hrs; retropulsion,salivation, loss of rightingreflex and haemorrhagicand oedematous areas of the skin were noted.
|
The liver appeared dark and mottled and the kidneysshowed spotty haemorrhages.
|
Endpoint conclusion
- Endpoint conclusion:
- adverse effect observed (irritating)
Eye irritation
Link to relevant study records
- Endpoint:
- eye irritation: in vivo
- Type of information:
- migrated information: read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Reasonably documented
- Qualifier:
- no guideline followed
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Method: other: The study was done in 1951 using sodium ethyl xanthate as a 10% solution at pH 10.5 to 11 and as a fine powder. Two groups of three albino rabbits each were used in this study.
A 0.05 ml aliquot of 10% aqueous solution of sodium ethyl xanthate was instilled into the conjunctival sacs of the left eyes of albino rabbits of one group. The eyes were held closed for one minute, observed immediately for reaction 1 hr and 4 hrs later and then daily for 9 days. - GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Species:
- rabbit
- Strain:
- other: albino rabbits
- Details on test animals or tissues and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS: Rabbit
- Strain: albino rabbits
- Sex: Not reported
- Source: Not reported
- Age: Not reported
- Weight at study initiation: Not reported
- Number of animals: 6 - Vehicle:
- other: 10% aqueous solution and unchanged (no vehicle)
- Controls:
- yes
- Amount / concentration applied:
- -10% aqueous solution of sodium ethyl xanthate
-30 mg powder of sodium ethyl xanthate - Duration of treatment / exposure:
- A 0.05 ml aliquot of 10% aqueous solution of sodium ethyl xanthate was instilled into the conjunctival sacs of the left eyes of albino rabbits of one group. The eyes were held closed for one minute, observed immediately for reaction 1 hr and 4 hrs later and then daily for 9 days.
30 mg of sodium ethyl xanthate powder was applied to the conjunctival sacs of the second group of rabbits. - Observation period (in vivo):
- 9 days
- Number of animals or in vitro replicates:
- 6
- Details on study design:
- -A 0.05 ml aliquot of 10% aqueous solution of sodium ethyl xanthate was instilled into the conjunctival sacs of the left eyes of albino rabbits of one group. The eyes were held closed for one minute, observed immediately for reaction 1 hr and 4 hrs later and then daily for 9 days.
-Approximately 30 mg of sodium ethyl xanthate powder was applied to the conjunctival sacs of the second group of rabbits. All three animals showed immediate marked irritation, scrambling, excitement and evidence of pain. There was lacrimation in one animal and phonation in another. Moderate irritation and oedema of the lids was observed in all the animals at the end of 1 hr. The same observations were noted at 4 hrs with one animal showing exudate. Mild irritation was seen after 24 hrs and two rabbits appeared normal after three days. One rabbit showed slight irritation until day 5. There were no signs of opacity or necrosis. The symptoms seen in the animals could be due to the physical irritation caused by solid particles in the eye. The animals were sacrificed on day 9 when no gross pathology was observed at autopsy. - Irritation parameter:
- overall irritation score
- Basis:
- mean
- Time point:
- other: 24 hrs
- Reversibility:
- fully reversible
- Remarks:
- 4 days
- Remarks on result:
- other: Powder is a moderate irritant to rabbit eyes while the 10% aqueous solution is mildly irritating .The eye effects produced by the powder were reversible, persisting for 24 hrs in all the animals with the effects lasting for up to 4 days in one animal.
- Irritant / corrosive response data:
- DESCRIPTION OF LESIONS:
-Mild irritation was observed immediately after instillation of 10% aqueous solution of sodium ethyl xanthate
There were no signs of oedema or necrosis. Autopsy on day 9 did not reveal any gross pathology.
-Moderate irritation to rabbit eyes was evident after instillation of 30 mg of sodium ethyl xanthate powder to the conjunctival sacs.
All three animals showed immediate marked irritation, scrambling, excitement and evidence of pain. There was lacrimation in one animal and phonation in another. Moderate irritation and oedema of the lids was observed in all the animals at the end of 1 hr. The same observations were noted at 4 hrs with one animal showing exudate. Mild irritation was seen after 24 hrs and two rabbits appeared normal after three days. One rabbit showed slight irritation until day 5. There were no signs of opacity or necrosis. The symptoms seen in the animals could be due to the physical irritation caused by solid particles in the eye.The animals were sacrificed on day 9 when no gross pathology was observed at autopsy.
REVERSIBILITY:
-Mild irritation was evident after instillation of 10% aqueous solution but the eyes appeared normal one hour later. One animal showed slight irritation at 4 hrs but was normal on the second day.
-Moderate irritation to rabbit eyes was evident after instillation of 30 mg of sodium ethyl xanthate powder.The eye effects produced by the powder were reversible, persisting for 24 hrs in all the animals with the effects lasting for up to 4 days in one animal.
The results of this study indicate that the powder is a moderate irritant to rabbit eyes while the 10% aqueous solution of sodium ethyl xanthate is mildly irritating. The irritant effects of the solution disappeared 1 hr after instillation. The eye effects produced by the powder were reversible, persisting for 24 hrs in all the animals with the effects lasting for up to 4 days in one animal. - Interpretation of results:
- moderately irritating
- Remarks:
- Migrated information Criteria used for interpretation of results: EU
- Conclusions:
- Based on the descriptions of the lesions it is considered that Potassium ethyl xanthate (the result was read across from sodium ethyl xanthate) is classifiable as an moderately irritant according to EU criteria
Classification: moderately irritating - Executive summary:
The results of this study indicate that the powder is a moderate irritant to rabbit eyes while the 10% aqueous solution of Potassium ethyl xanthate (the result was read across from sodium ethyl xanthate) is mildly irritating.The irritant effects of the solution disappeared 1 hr after instillation. The eye effects produced by the powder were reversible, persisting for 24 hrs in all the animals with the effects lasting for up to 4 days in one animal.
Reference
DESCRIPTION OF LESIONS:
-Mild irritation was observed immediately after instillation of 10% aqueous solution of sodium ethyl xanthate
There were no signs of oedema or necrosis. Autopsy on day 9 did not reveal any gross pathology.
-Moderate irritation to rabbit eyes was evident after instillation of 30 mg of sodium ethyl xanthate powder to the conjunctival sacs.
All three animals showed immediate marked irritation, scrambling, excitement and evidence of pain. There was lacrimation in one animal and phonation in another. Moderate irritation and oedema of the lids was observed in all the animals at the end of 1 hr. The same observations were noted at 4 hrs with one animal showing exudate. Mild irritation was seen after 24 hrs and two rabbits appeared normal after three days. One rabbit showed slight irritation until day 5. There were no signs of opacity or necrosis. The symptoms seen in the animals could be due to the physical irritation caused by solid particles in the eye.The animals were sacrificed on day 9 when no gross pathology was observed at autopsy.
REVERSIBILITY:
-Mild irritation was evident after instillation of 10% aqueous solution but the eyes appeared normal one hour later. One animal showed slight irritation at 4 hrs but was normal on the second day.
-Moderate irritation to rabbit eyes was evident after instillation of 30 mg of sodium ethyl xanthate powder.The eye effects produced by the powder were reversible, persisting for 24 hrs in all the animals with the effects lasting for up to 4 days in one animal.
The results of this study indicate that the powder is a moderate irritant to rabbit eyes while the 10% aqueous solution of sodium ethyl xanthate is mildly irritating. The irritant effects of the solution disappeared 1 hr after instillation. The eye effects produced by the powder were reversible, persisting for 24 hrs in all the animals with the effects lasting for up to 4 days in one animal.
Endpoint conclusion
- Endpoint conclusion:
- adverse effect observed (irritating)
Respiratory irritation
Endpoint conclusion
- Endpoint conclusion:
- adverse effect observed (irritating)
Additional information
Eye irritation
The study (Hazleton Laboratories, 1951) was done in 1951 using sodium ethyl xanthate as a 10% solution at pH 10.5to 11 and as a fine powder. Two groups of three albino rabbits each were used in thisstudy.
A 0.05 ml aliquot of 10% aqueous solution of sodium ethyl xanthate was instilled into the conjunctival sacs of the left eyes of albino rabbits of one group. The eyes wereheld closed for one minute, observed immediately for reaction 1 hr and 4 hrs laterand then daily for 9 days.
Mild irritation was observed immediately after instillation but the eyes appeared normal one hour later.One animal showed slightirritation at 4 hrs but was normal on the second day. There were no signs of oedema ornecrosis.Autopsy on day 9 did not reveal any gross pathology.
Approximately 30 mg of sodium ethyl xanthate powder was applied to theconjunctival sacs of the second group of rabbits. All three animals showed immediate marked irritation, scrambling, excitement and evidence of pain. There waslacrimation in one animal and phonation in another. Moderate irritation andoedema of the lids was observed in all the animals at the end of 1 hr. The sameobservations were noted at 4 hrs with one animal showing exudate. Mild irritationwas seen after 24 hrs and two rabbits appeared normal after three days. One rabbitshowed slight irritation until day 5. There were no signs of opacity or necrosis. Thesymptoms seen in the animals could be due to the physical irritation caused by solidparticles in the eye. The animals were sacrificed on day 9 when no gross pathologywas observed at autopsy.
The results of this study indicate that the powder is a moderate irritant to rabbit eyes while the 10% aqueous solution of sodium ethyl xanthate is mildly irritating.The irritant effects of the solution disappeared 1 hr after instillation. The eye effects produced by the powder were reversible, persisting for 24 hrs in all the animals with the effects lasting for up to 4 days in one animal.
Based on the descriptions of the lesions it is considered that Potassium ethyl xanthate (the result was read across from sodium ethyl xanthate) is classifiable as a moderately irritant according to EU criteria.
Skin irritation
-The results of thestudy (Hazleton Laboratories 1951) indicate that Potassium ethyl xanthate (the result was read across from sodium ethyl xanthate) is a moderate irritant while the10% solution is non irritating to the skin.
Under the conditions of the study, application of 10% solution of sodium ethyl xanthate (pH 10.5 to 11) for 18 hrs did not cause skin irritation in rabbits. Similar application of 1 gm/kg of sodium ethyl xanthate in the form of a paste resulted in the death of ten out of twelve animals within 24 hrs. The surviving animals developed irritant effects including oedema and pigmentation of the skin. The sulphide odour noted during the study suggests that decomposition of sodium ethyl xanthate occurred.
Based on the descriptions of the lesions it is considered that Potassium ethyl xanthate (the result was read across from
sodium ethyl xanthatе ) is classifiable as a moderately irritant according to EU criteria
-Potassium Hydroxide is used in the manufacturing process for Potassium ethyl xanthate and is present in the final product. Therefore, the health effects of Potassium Hydroxide need to be considered in the assessment of potassium ethyl xanthate.
The acute dermal irritation of Potassium Hydroxide 5% and 10% was examined in a 4 -hour exposurein rabbits (Nixon GA et al.1990).Potassium Hydroxide 5% and 10% is a moderately irritating in rabbits.
Based on the descriptions of the lesions it is considered that Potassium ethyl xanthate (the result was read across from of Potassium Hydroxide) is classifiable as an moderately irritant according to EU criteria.
Respiratory irritation.
In the 30-day study, three groups of animals, each consisting of 10 male Swiss-Webster mice, 10 male Sprague-Dawley rats, 4 male New Zealand White rabbitsand 2 male beagle dogs were exposed to either filtered room air or to concentrationsof 100 or 800 mg/m3 of potassium amyl xanthate. Whole body exposure was for 6 hrsdaily, 5 days a week for a total of 20 exposures in 1 month.
Ten mice of the 800 mg/m3group died along with 5/6 replacement mice.
The animals were observed during the exposures and body weights were recordedthree times a week throughout the experiment. Body weight data, organ to bodyweight ratios and clinical laboratory parameters were analysed statistically usinganalysis of variance and Dunnett’s test.
Most of the mice died when exposed to 800 mg/m3. Five of the 16 mice that died showed convulsions and hyperactivity prior to death.
The results of the study (Dow Chemical Company 1976) indicate that Potassium ethyl xanthate (the result was read across from potassium amyl xanthate) has an adverse effect at concentration of 252 mg/m3 on the central nervous system and liver in mice, the liver and kidneys in rats and the liver in dogs.
Signs of irritation of respiratory tract and Nasal effects were observed in rats as reddish nasal discharge.
Effects on skin irritation/corrosion: moderately irritating
Effects on eye irritation: moderately irritating
Effects on respiratory irritation: irritating
Justification for classification or non-classification
Based on the hazard assessment of Potassium ethyl xanthate in section 2.1 and 2.2. in IUCLID 5.4., available data for the substance and following the “Guidance on Information Requirement and Chemical Safety Assessment R.8. Characterisation of dose [concentration]- response for human health” andaccording to the criteria described in Directive 67/548 and in the CLP Regulation:
Directive 67/548 |
Skin Corrosivity C R35 Causes severe burns R34 Causes burns Skin Irritation Xi R38 Irritating to skin R43 May cause sensitization by skin contact Eye Irritation (Ocular Lesions) Xi R36 Irritating to eyes R37 irritating to respiratory system R41 Risk of serious damage to eyes R36/37/38 Irritating to eyes, respiratory system and skin. |
CLP |
Skin Corrosivity H314 Skin Corr 1A Causes severe skin burns and eye damage H314 Skin Corr 1B Causes severe skin burns and eye damage Skin Irritation H315 Skin Irrit. 2 Causes skin irritation H317 Skin Sens. 1 May cause an allergic skin reaction Eye Irritation (Ocular Lesions) Xi H319 Eye Irrit. 2 Causes serious eye irritation H318 Eye Dam. 1 Causes serious eye damage H335 STOT SE 3 May cause respiratory irritation |
It is concluded that the substance Potassium ethyl xanthate meet the criteria to be classified for human health hazards for Dermal-local effect and respiratory irritation:
R36/37/38 Irritating to eyes, respiratory system and skin,
H315 Skin Irrit. 2 Causes skin irritation,
H319 Eye Irrit. 2 Causes serious eye irritation,
H335 STOT SE 3 May cause respiratory irritation
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