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EC number: 279-075-9 | CAS number: 79135-28-7
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- From January 29th to April 24th, 2020
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 221 (Lemna sp. Growth Inhibition Test)
- Version / remarks:
- 2006
- GLP compliance:
- yes (incl. QA statement)
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Details on sampling:
- For determination of the test item concentrations, samples were taken from each concentration level and control at the start and at the end of the test.
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on test solutions:
- The test solutions used in the test were prepared by mechanical dispersion without use of any solubilizing agent. A stock solution was first prepared by dissolving an amount of 0.2254 g test item in 1500 mL dilution water (20X AAP medium, see 5.4), resulting a nominal concentration of 150 mg/L. This stock solution was handled by ultrasonic bath for 8 x 10 minutes at 30 °C thereafter to achieve the test item stock solution. The test solutions of the subsequent lower test concentrations were prepared by the appropriate dilution of this stock solution.
The test solutions were prepared in the testing laboratory just before introduction of Lemna colonies (start of the experiment).
Preparation of test solutions
Nominal concentration (mg/l) Test Item Stock Solution (TISS) (ml) 20X AAP medium (ml)
150 600 -
75 300 q.s. ad 600
37.5 150 q.s. ad 600
18.75 75 q.s. ad 600
9.375 37.5 q.s. ad 600
q.s. ad = quantum sufficiat ad (a sufficient quantity to make) - Test organisms (species):
- Lemna gibba
- Details on test organisms:
- TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: Duckweed (Lemna gibba)
- Source (laboratory, culture collection): Friedrich Schiller Universität, Institut für Allgemeine Botanik und Pflanzenphysiologie, Jena, Germany. Organisms were in-house cultureed and kept under axenic conditions; preculture was prepared 7 days before the tests.
- Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 7 d
- Test temperature:
- 24.3 - 25.2°C in the test vessels
- pH:
- 7.83 - 8.88
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- Nominal concentrations: 9.375, 18.75, 37.5, 75 and 150 mg/L.
- Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Test vessel: 400 ml Petri dishes-covered glass beakers were filled with 160 ml testing solutions.
- No. of colonies per vessel: three colonies.
- No. of fronds per colony: two colonies with four and one colony with three fronds.
- No. of vessels per concentration: three replicates.
- No. of vessels per control: six replicates.
GROWTH MEDIUM
- Standard medium used: 20X AAP Medium.
OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Photoperiod: the test vessels were placed randomly on a tray, illuminated continuously.
- Light intensity and quality: between 6500-10000 lux (8293 lux (SD: 400)) using fluorescent light tubes (with a spectral range of 400-700 nm).
EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED
- Determination of frond number: at the end of the test fronds were counted in each test vessel.
- Dry weight determination: every colonies, fronds and root fragments of each test vessel were collected and the dry weight measured in the same way as at the start of the study.
- Observations: assessment of growth and morphological changes on days 3, 5 and 7.
RANGE-FINDING STUDY - I
- Test concentrations: 0.1, 1, 10, 100 mg/l
- Test conditions: 3 replicates per test item treated group (containing 11 fronds in total per test vessel) for a period of 7 days. A concurrent control was run (with 3 replicates).
- Results used in the evaluation:
Nominal conc. (mg(l) Untreated control 0.1 1 10 100
Average number of fronds (day 7) 138.67 132.67 110.33 106.00 35.67
Growth rates (µ) (0-7d) 0.362 0.355 0.328 0.323 0.167
% Inhibition of µ (0-7d) - 2.01 9.36 10.68 53.89
RANGE-FINDING STUDY - II
- Test concentrations: 1, 10, 50, 100, 150 mg/l
- Test conditions: 3 replicates per test item treated group (containing 11 fronds in total per test vessel) for a period of 7 days. A concurrent control was run (with 3 replicates).
- Results used in the evaluation:
Nominal conc. (mg(l) Untreated control 1 10 50 100 150
Average number of fronds (day 7) 168.67 168.67 152.33 91.33 62.33 59.33
Growth rates (µ) (0-7d) 0.389 0.390 0.375 0.302 0.248 0.240
% Inhibition of µ (0-7d) - -0.19 3.67 22.43 36.36 38.26
ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA
For the test to be valid, the doubling time of frond number in the control must be less than 2.5 days (60 h), corresponding to approximately a 7-fold increase in 7 days and an average specific growth rate of 0.275 d-1. - Reference substance (positive control):
- yes
- Remarks:
- 3,5-dichlorophenol (tested at least twice a year)
- Duration:
- 7 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 119.829 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Duration:
- 7 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 34.018 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- yield
- Duration:
- 7 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 9.375 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Duration:
- 7 d
- Dose descriptor:
- LOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 18.75 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Details on results:
- GROWTH RATE
Growth rate based on frond number
NOErC (7d): 9.375mg/l, nominal; LOErC (7d): 18.75 mg/l, nominal
ErC50 (7d):119.829 mg/l, nominal
Growth rate based on dry weight
NOErC (7d):18.75 mg/l, nominal; LOErC (7d): 37.5 mg/l, nominal
ErC50 (7d): 103.693 mg/l, nominal
YIELD
Yeld based on frond number
NOEyC (7d): 9.375 mg/l, nominal; LOEyC (7d): 18.75 mg/l, nominal
EyC50 (7d): 34.018 mg/l, nominal
Yeld based on dry weight
NOEyC (7d): 18.75 mg/l, nominal; LOEyC (7d): 37.5 mg/l, nominal
EyC50 (7d): 37.5 mg/l, nominal
MEASURED CONCENTRATIONS
The measured concentrations remained within ± 20 % of the nominal at the start and at the end of the test. Therefore, the biological results and endpoints are based on the nominal concentrations.. - Results with reference substance (positive control):
- ErC50 (7d):7.624 mg/l, based on frond numbers
ErC50 (7d): 6.497 mg/l, based on dry weight
EyC50 (7d): 5.187 mg/l, based on frond numbers
EyC50 (7d): 5.136 mg/l, based on dry weight - Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Remarks:
- doubling time of frond number in the control was 1.79 days
- Conclusions:
- ErC50 (7d) growth rate: 119.829 mg/l (nominal), based on frond number
EyC50 (7d) yield: 34.018 mg/l (nominal), based on frond number - Executive summary:
The test item was assessed for Lemna sp. as per OECD guideline 221.
Lemna gibba was exposed to the nominal concentration of 9.375, 18.75, 37.5, 75 and 150 mg/L of the test item over a period of 7 days (168 hours) under static conditions.
For determination of the test item concentrations, samples were taken from each concentration level and control at the start and at the end of the test and were determined using HPLC method with VIS detection.
The measured concentrations remained within ± 20 % of the nominal at the start and at the end of the test. Growth and inhibition of growth in the test solutions were compared with that in the untreated control.
The ErC50 and EyC50 values for growth rate and yield for frond number were found to be 119.829 and 34.018 mg/l, respectively, with 95 % confidence limits for growth rate of 101.759 and 146.225 mg/l and 27.774 and 41.352 mg/l 95 % confidence limits for yield.
The ErC50 and EyC50 values for growth rate and yield for dry weight was found to be 103.693 and 33.484 mg/l, respectively; with 95 % confidence limits for growth rate of 89.220 and 124.090 mg/l and 95 % confidence limits for yield of 27.240 and 40.772 mg/l.
The 7-days NOEC related to both growth rate and yield (based on frond number and dry weight) was determined to be 9.375 mg/l and the LOEC was determined to be 18.75 mg/l.
Conclusion
ErC50 (7d) = 119.829 mg/l (nominal), based on frond number
EyC50 (7d) = 34.018 mg/l (nominal), based on frond number
Reference
Growth rates (µ) and percentage inhibition of µ
Concentration[mg/l] |
Growth rate (r) and % inhibition of r, based on frond number |
Growth rate (r) and % inhibition of r, based on dry weight |
||
r |
% Ir |
r |
% Ir |
|
Control |
0.3867 |
- |
0.3448 |
- |
9.375 |
0.3685 |
4.69 |
0.3308 |
4.09 |
18.75 |
0.3127* |
19.12 |
0.2700 |
21.70 |
37.5 |
0.2887* |
25.34 |
0.2446* |
29.06 |
75 |
0.2350* |
39-23 |
0.1912* |
44.55 |
150 |
0.1772* |
54.16 |
0.1554* |
54.93 |
Growth rate (r) and % inhibition of r, based on frond number
*: statistically significantly different compared to the control values (Dunnett t-Test; α = 0.05)
Growth rate (r) and % inhibition of r, based on dry weight
*: statistically significantly different from the control (Kruskal-Wallis Test; α = 0.05)
Yield rates (y) and percentage inhibition of y
Concentration[mg/l] |
Yield and % inhibition of yield, based on frond number |
Yield and % inhibition of yield, based on dry weight |
||
y |
% Iy |
y |
% Iy |
|
Control |
154.17 |
- |
0.00698 |
- |
9.375 |
134.67 |
12.65 |
0.00624 |
10.58 |
18.75 |
87.33* |
43.35 |
0.00385 |
44.88 |
37.5 |
72.33* |
53.08 |
0.00312* |
55.29 |
75 |
46.00* |
70.16 |
0.00192* |
72.44 |
150 |
27.33* |
82.27 |
0.00135* |
80.61 |
Yield and % inhibition of yield, based on frond number
*: statistically significantly different from the control (Dunnett’s Test, α = 0.05)
Yield and % inhibition of yield, based on dry weight
*: statistically significantly different from the control (Kruskal-Wallis Test; α = 0.05)
Observations during the Test - Symptoms, changes of Lemna gibba plants observed during the test
Concentration mg/l | 3rdday of the experiment | 5thday of the experiment | 7thday of the experiment | |||
Symptoms | Degree of change | Symptoms | Degree of change | Symptoms | Degree of change | |
Control | – | – | – | – | – | – |
9.375 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
18.75 | – | – | Chlorosis |
* | Chlorosis | * |
37.5 | Chlorosis |
* | Chlorosis |
* |
Chlorosis |
* |
75 | Chlorosis Frond size Root length |
* * * |
Chlorosis Frond size Root length |
* * * |
Chlorosis Frond size Root length |
** ** * |
150 | Chlorosis Frond size Root length |
* * * |
Chlorosis Frond size Root length |
* * * |
Chlorosis Frond size Root length Necrosis |
** ** ** * |
"–": the plants were healthy, there was not any symptoms observed
*: slight, **: medium, ***: strong change
Abbreviations
Root length: decrease of the root length
Chlorosis: Colour loss of the plants
Frond size: decrease of frond size
Necrosis: Dead (i.e. white or water-soaked) frond tissue
Description of key information
ErC50 (7d): 119.829 mg/l (nominal), based on frond number
EyC50 (7d): 34.018 mg/l (nominal), based on frond number
Key value for chemical safety assessment
- EC50 for freshwater plants:
- 119.829 mg/L
Additional information
The test item was assessed for Lemna sp. as per OECD guideline 221.
Lemna gibba was exposed to the nominal concentration of 9.375, 18.75, 37.5, 75 and 150 mg/L of the test item over a period of 7 days (168 hours) under static conditions.
For determination of the test item concentrations, samples were taken from each concentration level and control at the start and at the end of the test and were determined using HPLC method with VIS detection.
The measured concentrations remained within ± 20 % of the nominal at the start and at the end of the test. Growth and inhibition of growth in the test solutions were compared with that in the untreated control.
The ErC50 and EyC50 values for growth rate and yield for frond number were found to be 119.829 and 34.018 mg/l, respectively, with 95 % confidence limits for growth rate of 101.759 and 146.225 mg/l and 27.774 and 41.352 mg/l 95 % confidence limits for yield.
The ErC50 and EyC50 values for growth rate and yield for dry weight was found to be 103.693 and 33.484 mg/l, respectively; with 95 % confidence limits for growth rate of 89.220 and 124.090 mg/l and 95 % confidence limits for yield of 27.240 and 40.772 mg/l.
The 7-days NOEC related to both growth rate and yield (based on frond number and dry weight) was determined to be 9.375 mg/l and the LOEC was determined to be 18.75 mg/l.
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