phenyl pent-4-enoate

Genetic toxicity: in vitro

Administrative data

Endpoint:

in vitro gene mutation study in bacteria

Remarks:

Type of genotoxicity: gene mutation

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Study period:

2016

Reliability:

1 (reliable without restriction)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: Guideline study performed under GLP. All relevant validity criteria were met.

Data source

Reference

Reference Type:

study report

Title:

Unnamed

Year:

2017

Report date:

2017

Materials and methods

Test guideline

Test guideline 1

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 471 (Bacterial Reverse Mutation Assay)

Deviations:

no

Test guideline 2

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

EU Method B.13/14 (Mutagenicity - Reverse Mutation Test Using Bacteria)

Deviations:

no

Test guideline 3

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

EPA OPPTS 870.5100 - Bacterial Reverse Mutation Test (August 1998)

Deviations:

no

Test guideline 4

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

JAPAN: Guidelines for Screening Mutagenicity Testing Of Chemicals

Deviations:

no

GLP compliance:

yes (incl. QA statement)

Remarks:

inspected: June 2015; signature: September 2015

Type of assay:

bacterial reverse mutation assay

Test material

Test material information

Constituent 1

Reference substance name:

phenyl pent-4-enoate

EC Number:

812-668-8

Cas Number:

51231-09-5

Molecular formula:

C11H12O2

IUPAC Name:

phenyl pent-4-enoate

Test material form:

liquid

Details on test material:

- Physical state: Liquid
- Storage condition of test material: Approximately 4 °C, in the dark
- Other: clear colourless

Method

Species / strain

Species / strain 1

Species / strain / cell type:

E. coli WP2 uvr A

Additional strain / cell type characteristics:

not applicable

Species / strain 2

Species / strain / cell type:

S. typhimurium TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 98 and TA 100

Additional strain / cell type characteristics:

not applicable

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Metabolic activation system:

Rat liver S9

Test concentrations with justification for top dose:

Experiment 1 (plate incorporation method): 0, 1.5, 5, 15, 50, 150, 500, 1500 and 5000 µg/plate
Experiment 2 (pre-incubation method): 0, 1.5, 5, 15, 50, 150, 500, 1500 and 5000 µg/plate
Nine test item dose levels were selected in Experiment 2 in order to achieve both a minimum of four non-toxic doses and the toxic/guideline limit of the test item following the change in test methodology. The dose levels were selected based on the results of Experiment 1.

Vehicle / solvent:

- Vehicle(s)/solvent(s) used: dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO)
- Justification for choice of solvent/vehicle: The test item was immiscible in sterile distilled water at 50 mg/mL but was fully miscible in dimethyl sulphoxide at the same concentration in solubility checks performed. Dimethyl sulphoxide was selected as the vehicle.

Controls

Untreated negative controls:

yes

Negative solvent / vehicle controls:

yes

True negative controls:

no

Positive controls:

yes

Positive control substance:

4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide

9-aminoacridine

N-ethyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine

benzo(a)pyrene

other: 2-Aminoanthracene

Details on test system and experimental conditions:

METHOD OF APPLICATION: Experiment 1. in medium; in agar (plate incorporation) ; Experiment 2. in medium; in agar (pre-incubation)

DURATION
- Exposure duration:
Experiment 1. All of the plates were incubated at 37 ± 3 ºC for approximately 48 hours and scored for the presence of revertant colonies using an automated colony counting system. The plates were viewed microscopically for evidence of thinning (toxicity). A number of manual counts were performed, predominantly due to colonies spreading, colonies on the edge of the plates and artefacts on the plates, thus distorting the actual plate count.

Experiment 2. 0.1 mL of the appropriate bacterial strain culture, 0.5 mL of phosphate buffer OR S9-mix (as appropriate) and 0.1 mL of the test item formulation, vehicle or 0.1 mL of appropriate positive control were incubated at 37 ± 3 ºC for 20 minutes (with shaking) prior to addition of 2 mL of molten amino-acid supplemented media Subsequently, the procedure for incubation and duration was the same as in Experiment 1.

NUMBER OF REPLICATIONS: 3

DETERMINATION OF CYTOTOXICITY
- Method: relative total growth

Evaluation criteria:

There are several criteria for determining a positive result. Any, one, or all of the following can be used to determine the overall result of the study:
1. A dose-related increase in mutant frequency over the dose range tested (De Serres and Shelby, 1979).
2. A reproducible increase at one or more concentrations.
3. Biological relevance against in-house historical control ranges.
4. Statistical analysis of data as determined by UKEMS (Mahon et al., 1989).
5. Fold increase greater than two times the concurrent solvent control for any tester strain (especially if accompanied by an out of historical range response (Cariello and Piegorsch, 1996)).
A test item is considered non-mutagenic (negative) in the test system if the above criteria are not met.
In instances of data prohibiting definitive judgement about test item activity are reported as equivocal.

Statistics:

Statistical methods (Mahon, et al.); as recommended by the UKEMS Subcommittee on Guidelines for Mutagenicity Testing, Report - Part III (1989).

Results and discussion

Test results

Test results 1

Species / strain:

E. coli WP2 uvr A

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

cytotoxicity

Remarks:

See table 1 and 2

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Untreated negative controls validity:

valid

Positive controls validity:

valid

Test results 2

Species / strain:

S. typhimurium TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 98 and TA 100

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

cytotoxicity

Remarks:

See table 1 and 2

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Untreated negative controls validity:

valid

Positive controls validity:

valid

Remarks on result:

other: all strains/cell types tested

Remarks:

Migrated from field 'Test system'.

Any other information on results incl. tables

Table 1 : Test Results: Experiment 1 with and without metabolic activation and results of concurrent positive controls

S9-Mix (-)	Dose Level Per Plate	Number of revertants (mean) +/- SD
		Base-pair substitution strains						Frameshift strains
		TA100		TA1535		WP2uvrA		TA98		TA1537
	Solvent Control (DMSO)	110 111 110	(110) 0.6#	12 20 22	(18) 5.3	26 25 23	(25) 1.5	21 16 13	(17) 4.0	10 14 9	(11) 2.6
	1.5 µg	113 115 96	(108) 10.4	22 23 22	(22) 0.6	27 18 30	(25) 6.2	14 23 10	(16) 6.7	8 21 17	(15) 6.7
	5 µg	90 109 109	(103) 11.0	15 17 16	(16) 1.0	26 18 25	(23) 4.4	14 27 20	(20) 6.5	12 13 14	(13) 1.0
	15 µg	75 86 75	(79) 6.4	26 22 19	(22) 3.5	20 33 23	(25) 6.8	25 16 18	(20) 4.7	4 14 16	(11) 6.4
	50 µg	70 90 74	(78) 10.6	15 15 21	(17) 3.5	21 30 26	(26) 4.5	27 23 27	(26) 2.3	12 10 10	(11) 1.2
	150 µg	74 83 83	(80) 5.2	17 18 23	(19) 3.2	25 16 25	(22) 5.2	25 29 25	* (26) 2.3	13 17 14	(15) 2.1
	500 µg	71 70 63	(68) 4.4	25 18 20	(21) 3.6	14 12 30	(19) 9.9	20 27 20	(22) 4.0	9 16 16	(14) 4.0
	1500 µg	68 79 80	(76) 6.7	26 23 25	(25) 1.5	21 20 22	(21) 1.0	16 16 23	(18) 4.0	7 8 8	(8) 0.6
	5000 µg	48 55 59	(54) 5.6	11 S 19 S 14 S	(15) 4.0	13 13 14	(13) 0.6	14 13 14	(14) 0.6	9 9 4	(7) 2.9
Positive controls S9-Mix (-)	Name Dose Level No. of Revertants	ENNG		ENNG		ENNG		4NQO		9AA
		3 µg		5 µg		2 µg		0.2 µg		80 µg
		451 481 518	(483) 33.6	233 189 208	(210) 22.1	785 903 917	(868) 72.5	146 119 147	(137) 15.9	408 354 345	(369) 34.1
S9-Mix (+)	Dose Level Per Plate	Number of revertants (mean) +/- SD
		Base-pair substitution strains						Frameshift strains
		TA100		TA1535		WP2uvrA		TA98		TA1537
	Solvent Control (DMSO)	111 107 70	(96) 22.6#	9 10 9	(9) 0.6	29 30 21	(27) 4.9	24 13 21	(19) 5.7	13 14 10	(12) 2.1
	1.5 µg	89 121 C	(105) 22.6	10 6 5	(7) 2.6	34 33 29	(32) 2.6	22 25 30	(26) 4.0	18 20 17	(18) 1.5
	5 µg	79 112 78	(90) 19.3	6 10 10	(9) 2.3	34 29 23	(29) 5.5	22 21 19	(21) 1.5	14 12 17	(14) 2.5
	15 µg	65 79 91	(78) 13.0	10 8 12	(10) 2.0	29 26 17	(24) 6.2	20 15 19	(18) 2.6	10 18 10	(13) 4.6
	50 µg	75 80 99	(85) 12.7	7 10 8	(8) 1.5	26 25 31	(27) 3.2	12 18 19	(16) 3.8	10 9 17	(12) 4.4
	150 µg	74 84 62	(73) 11.0	9 13 10	(11) 2.1	27 33 34	(31) 3.8	21 18 24	(21) 3.0	13 10 5	(9) 4.0
	500 µg	64 77 66	(69) 7.0	9 4 5	(6) 2.6	18 13 23	(18) 5.0	25 14 14	(18) 6.4	12 10 9	(10) 1.5
	1500 µg	57 56 45	(53) 6.7	9 11 5	(8) 3.1	25 16 17	(19) 4.9	22 16 12	(17) 5.0	17 13 14	(15) 2.1
	5000 µg	68 51 46	(55) 11.5	5 S 5 S 10 S	(7) 2.9	30 29 20	(26) 5.5	18 17 23	(19) 3.2	9 17 10	(12) 4.4
Positive controls S9-Mix (+)	Name Dose Level No. of Revertants	2AA		2AA		2AA		BP		2AA
		1 µg		2 µg		10 µg		5 µg		2 µg
		496 461 494	(484) 19.7	301 310 283	(298) 13.7	361 353 335	(350) 13.3	250 250 234	(245) 9.2	602 341 356	(433) 146.6

C : Contaminated

#: Standard deviation

* : p≤0.05

 

Table 2 : Test Results: Experiment 2 with and without metabolic activation and results of concurrent positive controls

S9-Mix (-)	Dose Level Per Plate	Number of revertants (mean) +/- SD
		Base-pair substitution strains						Frameshift strains
		TA100		TA1535		WP2uvrA		TA98		TA1537
	Solvent Control (DMSO)	108 85 95	(96) 11.5#	21 13 10	(15) 5.7	20 17 26	(21) 4.6	34 14 12	(20) 12.2	5 10 7	(7) 2.5
	0.5 µg	83 63 73	(73) 10.0	10 19 24	(18) 7.1	19 17 23	(20) 3.1	35 17 22	(25) 9.3	6 6 8	(7) 1.2
	1.5 µg	72 75 71	(73) 2.1	16 15 19	(17) 2.1	20 19 20	(20) 0.6	21 28 11	(20) 8.5	5 6 14	(8) 4.9
	5 µg	84 72 69	(75) 7.9	23 11 19	(18) 6.1	12 18 22	(17) 5.0	28 24 26	(26) 2.0	8 8 17	(11) 5.2
	15 µg	81 74 75	(77) 3.8	8 12 9	(10) 2.1	11 37 10	(19) 15.3	15 22 29	(22) 7.0	13 17 7	(12) 5.0
	50 µg	72 79 89	(80) 8.5	23 11 9	(14) 7.6	10 9 15	(11) 3.2	23 32 14	(23) 9.0	9 9 5	(8) 2.3
	150 µg	69 86 66	(74) 10.8	14 14 25	(18) 6.4	15 10 13	(13) 2.5	29 30 25	(28) 2.6	9 8 3	(7) 3.2
	500 µg	76 83 91	(83) 7.5	16 14 8	(13) 4.2	16 13 13	(14) 1.7	19 25 27	(24) 4.2	3 4 13	(7) 5.5
	1500 µg	85 77 96	(86) 9.5	15 S 12 S 8 S	(12) 3.5	15 S 10 S 10 S	(12) 2.9	30 27 18	(25) 6.2	10 S 10 S 10 S	(10) 0.0
	5000 µg	90 S 95 S 70 S	(85) 13.2	0 V 0 V 0 V	(0) 0.0	12 S 5 S 6 S	(8) 3.8	13 S 17 S 20 S	(17) 3.5	0 V 0 V 0 V	(0) 0.0
Positive controls S9-Mix (-)	Name Dose Level No. of Revertants	ENNG		ENNG		ENNG		4NQO		9AA
		3 µg		5 µg		2 µg		0.2 µg		80 µg
		1023 805 554	(794) 234.7	528 552 615	(565) 44.9	799 642 639	(693) 91.5	145 134 127	(135) 9.1	1288 1103 1007	(1133) 142.8
S9-Mix (+)	Dose Level Per Plate	Number of revertants (mean) +/- SD
		Base-pair substitution strains						Frameshift strains
		TA100		TA1535		WP2uvrA		TA98		TA1537
	Solvent Control (DMSO)	106 94 67	(89) 20.0#	26 13 8	(16) 9.3	23 30 22	(25) 4.4	25 30 17	(24) 6.6	15 10 8	(11) 3.6
	0.5 µg	84 85 69	(79) 9.0	8 11 10	(10) 1.5	20 22 14	(19) 4.2	14 25 31	(23) 8.6	13 11 14	(13) 1.5
	1.5 µg	71 69 70	(70) 1.0	10 15 16	(14) 3.2	11 12 24	(16) 7.2	14 18 25	(19) 5.6	14 11 5	(10) 4.6
	5 µg	77 79 74	(77) 2.5	17 8 22	(16) 7.1	24 23 21	(23) 1.5	20 22 27	(23) 3.6	6 6 10	(7) 2.3
	15 µg	69 69 64	(67) 2.9	9 9 11	(10) 1.2	16 21 20	(19) 2.6	14 14 29	(19) 8.7	12 12 5	(10) 4.0
	50 µg	67 97 77	(80) 15.3	14 14 23	(17) 5.2	26 22 12	(20) 7.2	19 14 29	(21) 7.6	21 3 8	(11) 9.3
	150 µg	80 87 100	(89) 10.1	13 9 8	(10) 2.6	28 30 16	(25) 7.6	21 25 17	(21) 4.0	7 12 12	(10) 2.9
	500 µg	111 80 89	(93) 15.9	8 9 8	(8) 0.6	22 30 21	(24) 4.9	28 17 16	(20) 6.7	8 22 7	(12) 8.4
	1500 µg	73 75 64	(71) 5.9	15 8 8	(10) 4.0	21 19 22	(21) 1.5	16 17 21	(18) 2.6	9 8 9	(9) 0.6
	5000 µg	72 74 72	(73) 1.2	4 8 6	(6) 2.0	25 16 18	(20) 4.7	31 24 25	(27) 3.8	5 S 6 S 1 S	(4) 2.6
Positive controls S9-Mix (+)	Name Dose Level No. of Revertants	2AA		2AA		2AA		BP		2AA
		1 µg		2 µg		10 µg		5 µg		2 µg
		385 414 494	(431) 56.5	124 122 154	(133) 17.9	305 366 387	(353) 42.6	70 85 80	(78) 7.6	98 146 125	(123) 24.1

ENNG: N-ethyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine

4NQO: 4-Nitroquinoline-1-oxide

9AA: 9-Aminoacridine

BP: Benzo(a)pyrene

2AA: 2-Aminoanthracene

N/T: Not tested at this dose level

S: Sparse bacterial background lawn

T: Toxic, no bacterial background lawn

V: Very weak bacterial background lawn

#: Standard deviation

Applicant's summary and conclusion

Conclusions:

Interpretation of results:
Negative
Under the conditions of this study the test item was considered to be non-mutagenic in the presence and absence of S9 activation.

Executive summary:

The study was performed to the requirements of OECD Guideline 471, EU Method B13/14, US EPA OCSPP 870.5100 and Japanese guidelines for bacterial mutagenicity testing under GLP, to evaluate the potential mutagenicity of the test item in a bacterial reverse mutation assay using S.typhimurium strains TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1537 and E.coli strain WP2uvrA- in both the presence and absence of S-9 mix. The test strains were treated with the test item using both the Ames plate incorporation and pre incubation methods at up to nine dose levels, in triplicate, both with and without the addition of a rat liver homogenate metabolizing system (10% liver S9 in standard co-factors). Formulated concentrations were adjusted by an appropriate factor to allow for the stated purity of the test item. The dose range for Experiment 1 was predetermined and was 1.5 to 5000 µg/plate. The experiment was repeated on a separate day (pre-incubation method) using fresh cultures of the bacterial strains and fresh test item formulations. Nine test item dose levels were again selected in Experiment 2 in order to achieve both a minimum of four non-toxic dose levels and the toxic limit of the test item following the change in test methodology. The dose range was amended following the results of Experiment 1 and ranged between 0.5 and 5000 µg/plate, depending on bacterial strain type and presence or absence of S9-mix. The vehicle (dimethyl sulphoxide) control plates gave counts of revertant colonies within the normal range. All of the positive control chemicals used in the test induced marked increases in the frequency of revertant colonies, both with or without metabolic activation. Thus, the sensitivity of the assay and the efficacy of the S9-mix were validated. The maximum dose level of the test item in the first experiment was selected as the maximum recommended dose level of 5000 μg/plate. In the first mutation test (plate incorporation method), the test item induced a visible reduction in the growth of the bacterial background lawns of TA1535 at 5000 µg/plate in both the presence and absence of S9-mix.Small reductions in revertant colony frequency were also noted for TA100 from 1500 µg/plate (presence of S9‑mix) and for TA100 and WP2uvrAat 5000 µg/plate (absence of S9-mix). No further toxicity was noted to any of the remaining bacterial strains. Consequently, for the second mutation test the maximum recommended dose level of 5000 µg/plate was again employed as the maximum dose concentration for all of the bacterial tester strains. Results from the second mutation test (pre-incubation method) exhibited weakened bacterial background lawns to all of the tester strains dosed in the absence of S9-mix from 1500 µg/plate (TA1535, WP2uvrAand TA1537) and at 5000 µg/plate (TA100 and TA98). In the presence of S9-mix, weakened bacterial background lawns were noted at 5000 µg/plate to TA1537 only, although slight reductions in TA1535 revertant colony frequency were noted at the same maximum dose concentration. No further toxicity was noted to any of the remaining bacterial strains dosed in the presence of S9‑mix. The sensitivity of the bacterial tester strains to the toxicity of the test item varied slightly between strain type, exposures with or without S9‑mix and experimental methodology. No test item precipitate was observed on the plates at any of the doses tested in either the presence or absence of S9-mix. There were no toxicologically significant increases in the frequency of revertant colonies recorded for any of the bacterial strains, with any dose of the test item, either with or without metabolic activation (S9‑mix) in Experiment 1 (plate incorporation method). Similarly, no significant increases in the frequency of revertant colonies were recorded for any of the bacterial strains, with any dose of the test item, either with or without metabolic activation (S9-mix) in Experiment 2 (pre‑incubation method). A small, statistically significant increase in TA98 revertant colony frequency was observed in the absence of S9-mix at 150 µg/plate in the first mutation test. This increase was considered to be of no biological relevance because there was no evidence of a dose-response relationship or reproducibility. Furthermore, the individual revertant colony counts at 150 µg/plate were within the in-house historical untreated/vehicle control range for the tester strain and the fold increase was only 1.5 times the concurrent vehicle control. It was concluded that, under the conditions of this assay, the test item gave a negative, i.e. non-mutagenic response in S.typhimurium strains TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1537 and E.coli strain WP2uvrA- in the presence and absence of S-9 mix.