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EC number: 231-185-8 | CAS number: 7443-25-6
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 2016
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 201 (Alga, Growth Inhibition Test)
- Deviations:
- no
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- EU Method C.3 (Algal Inhibition test)
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- yes (incl. QA statement)
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Details on sampling:
- Determination of the test item
Analytical evaluation of the concentrations of the test item was carried out via HPLC-DAD from freshly prepared media after 0 hours and old test media after 72 hours of exposure. Samples for the test item analysis at the beginning of the exposure were taken from additionally prepared replicates with algae. For the test item analysis after 72 hours, samples were taken from the test replicates.
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on test solutions:
- Stock solution, preparation of the test media
A stock solution of 50 mg/L was prepared with dilution water and stirred for 24 ± 1 hours (room temperature, 1100 rpm).
Test concentrations
6 concentrations were tested in a geometric series with a dilution factor of √10: 0.0632 - 0.200 - 0.632 - 2.00 - 6.32 - 20.0 mg test item/L.
The nominal concentrations were based on the results of a preliminary range finding test (non-GLP).
Control
Six replicates (without test item) were tested under the same test conditions as the test replicates. - Test organisms (species):
- Desmodesmus subspicatus (previous name: Scenedesmus subspicatus)
- Details on test organisms:
- TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: Desmodesmus subspicatus Chodat
- Strain: SAG 86.81
- Source (laboratory, culture collection): SAG Pflanzenphysiologisches Institut der Universitaet Goettingen, Nikolausberger Weg 18, D-37073 Goettingen, Germany
- Age of inoculum (at test initiation): 4 days
- Method of cultivation: Fresh stocks were prepared every month on Z-Agar. Light intensity amounted to 35 - 70 µE x m-2 x s-1 for 24 h per day. - Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 72 h
- Post exposure observation period:
- No
- Hardness:
- not specified
- Test temperature:
- min.: 21.0 max.: 23.0, mean value: 22.0 °C
- pH:
- Nominal test item concentration pH-value
[mg/L] Start; 0 hours End; 72 hours
20.0 7.53 7.90
6.32 7.50 8.00
2.00 7.48 8.04
0.632 7.48 8.18
0.200 7.57 8.33
0.0632 7.75 8.40
Control 8.05 8.60 - Dissolved oxygen:
- Not measured
- Salinity:
- Not measured, freshwater conditions
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- See window "Any other information on materials and methods incl. tables"
- Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Test vessel: 250 mL Erlenmeyer flasks
- Type (delete if not applicable): open, cotton wool plugs
- Material, size, headspace, fill volume: sterile 250 mL Erlenmeyer flasks, test volume 100 mL
- Aeration: Test containers were placed on a rotary shaker and oscillated at appr. 70 rpm
- Type of flow-through (e.g. peristaltic or proportional diluter): None
- Renewal rate of test solution (frequency/flow rate): One application at test start
- Initial cells density: Nominal: approximately 2 - 5 x 10^3 cells/mL, Actual: mean 4847 cells/mL
- Control end cells density: Mean 1251332 cells/mL
- No. of vessels per concentration (replicates): 3
- No. of vessels per control (replicates): 6
GROWTH MEDIUM
- Standard medium used: yes
TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS
- Source/preparation of dilution water:
Composition of Dilution Water
according to the guideline
Component Concentration [mg/L]
NH4Cl 15
MgCl2 x 6 H2O 12
CaCl2 x 2 H2O 18
MgSO4 x 7 H2O 15
KH2PO4 1.6
FeCl3 x 6 H2O 0.064
Na2EDTA x 2 H2O 0.1
H3BO3 0.185
MnCl2 x 4 H2O 0.415
ZnCl2 3 x 10^-3
Na2MoO4 x 2 H2O 7 x 10^-3
CoCl2 x 6 H2O 1.5 x 10^-3
CuCl2 x 2 H2O 1 x 10^-5
NaHCO3 50
pH 8.1 ± 0.2
OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Sterile test conditions: no
- Adjustment of pH: no
- Photoperiod: 24 h
- Light intensity and quality: 60 - 120 µE x m^-2 x s^-1, mean value: 68.2 µE x m^-2 x s^-1,
EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED (with observation intervals if applicable) :
- Determination of cell concentrations: [counting chamber; electronic particle counter; fluorimeter; spectrophotometer; colorimeter] fluorimeter, Cell density and self fluorescence was measured daily via Chlorophyll-a- fluorescence, excitation at 436 nm, emission at 685 nm. Dilution water was used as background signal. - Reference substance (positive control):
- yes
- Remarks:
- Potassium dichromate
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.632 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 2 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Key result
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 0.963 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Remarks on result:
- other: 0.506 - 1.67
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC20
- Effect conc.:
- 2.72 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Remarks on result:
- other: 1.93 - 3.49
- Key result
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 9.3 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Remarks on result:
- other: 7.77 - 11.3
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.2 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- other: yield
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.632 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- other: yield
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- < 0.063 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- other: yield
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC20
- Effect conc.:
- 0.298 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- other: yield
- Remarks on result:
- other: < 0.0632 - 0.541
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 1.11 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- other: yield
- Remarks on result:
- other: 0.816 - 1.47
- Details on results:
- - Exponential growth in the control (for algal test): yes
- Observation of abnormalities (for algal test):
- Unusual cell shape: No
- Colour differences: No
- Flocculation: No
- Adherence to test vessels: No
- Aggregation of algal cells: No
- Other: No
- Any observations (e.g. precipitation) that might cause a difference between measured and nominal values: No
- Effect concentrations exceeding solubility of substance in test medium: No - Results with reference substance (positive control):
- The toxicity of potassium dichromate (SIGMA, batch number MKBQ9179V, purity 100.0 %, CAS RN 7778-50-9) to the unicellular freshwater green alga Desmodesmus subspicatus was determined over a period of 72 hours from 2015-10-19 to 2015-10-22. The reference item toxicity is in the valid range following test facility SOPS.
EC50-Values of the Reference Item based on nominal concentrations mg/L, (0-72 hours)
Current Study Valid Range (average ± 3 x SD)
Growth Rate Inhibition
ErC50 0.685 0.671 ± 0.401
95 % confidence interval 0.603 - 0.794
Yield Inhibition
EyC50 0.362 0.320 ± 0.139
95 % confidence interval 0.328 - 0.398
SD = Standard deviation - Reported statistics and error estimates:
- EC-values and statistical analyses
EC10-, EC20- and EC50-values of the growth rate and yield inhibition after 72 hours were calculated by sigmoidal dose-response regression. Calculation of the confidence intervals of the EC10-, EC20- and EC50-values was carried out using standard procedures.
NOEC and LOEC values
The NOEC / LOEC was determined by calculation of statistical significance of growth rate and yield. As a standard One Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and DUNNETT’s test were used for NOEC/LOEC calculations. When running a One Way Analysis of Variance a Normality test and an Equal Variance test were done first. The SHAPIRO-WILK-Test was used to test for normally distributed populations. The Levene median test was used for equal variance. P-values for both Normality and Equal Variance tests are 0.05. The -value (acceptable probability of incorrectly concluding that there is a difference) is =0.05. The normality test failed for yield. The highest concentration was eliminated to pass the normality test for yield.
Software
The data for the tables in this report were computer-generated and have been rounded for presentation from the full derived data. Consequently, if calculated manually based on the given data minor deviations may occur from these figures.
Calculations were carried out using software
- Excel, MICROSOFT CORPORATION
- SigmaPlot, SPSS INC.
- GraphPad Prism, GRAPHPAD SOFTWARE, INC. - Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Conclusions:
- In this study, the substance was found to inhibit the growth of the freshwater green alga Desmodesmus subspicatus after 72 hours with the following effect values (based on nominal test item concentrations): The EC50-values with 95 % confidence intervals for inhibition of growth rate (ErC50) and yield (EyC50) after 72 hours were 9.30 (7.77 – 11.3) and 1.11 (0.816 – 1.47) mg/L. The NOEC-values for inhibition of growth rate and yield after 72 hours were 0.632 and 0.200 mg/L.
- Executive summary:
Summary
The toxicity of the test item to the unicellular freshwater green alga Desmodesmus subspicatus was determined according to the principles of OECD 201 (2011) and Council Regulation (EC) No.761/2009/Method C.3 (2009) at the test facility from 2016 -02 -08 to 2016 -02 -12, with the definitive exposure phase from 2016 -02 -09 to 2016 -02 -12. The aim of the study was to assess the effects on growth rate and yield over a period of 72 hours.
The study was conducted under static conditions with an initial cell density of 4847 cells/mL. Based on a preliminary test, 6 concentration levels were tested in a geometrical series with a dilution factor of √10 (nominal): 0.0632 - 0.200 - 0.632 - 2.00 - 6.32 - 20.0 mg/L. Three replicates were tested for each test item concentration and six replicates for the control. Environmental conditions were determined to be within the acceptable limits.
All test concentrations of the test item and the control were analytically verified by HPLC-DAD analysis at the start of the exposure (0 hours) and the end of the exposure (72 hours). The measured concentrations of Hostavin PR-25 P at the start of the exposure were in the range of 92 % to 102 % of the nominal values. At the end of the exposure, they were in the range of 84 to 117 %. All effect values given are based on the nominal test item concentrations.
NOEC, LOEC, EC - values of the test item (0-72 hours) based on the nominal test item concentration [mg/L].
Growth Rate Inhibition
NOEC
0.632
LOEC
2.00
ErC10
0.963 (0.506 – 1.67)
ErC20
2.72 (1.93 – 3.49)
ErC50
9.30 (7.77 – 11.3)
Inhibition of Yield
NOEC
0.200
LOEC
0.632
EyC10
< 0.0632
EyC20
0.298 (< 0.0632 – 0.541)
EyC50
1.11 (0.816 – 1.47)
Reference
Cell Densities
Nominal test item concentration |
Replicate |
Cell density [cells/mL] |
|||
[mg/L] |
No. |
0 hours |
24 hours |
48 hours |
72 hours |
20.0 |
1 |
4847 |
4866 |
6930 |
9523 |
2 |
4847 |
5001 |
6627 |
5621 |
|
3 |
4847 |
3452 |
8714 |
9215 |
|
Mean |
4847 |
4440 |
7424 |
8120 |
|
6.32 |
1 |
4847 |
18470 |
60802 |
186318 |
2 |
4847 |
20293 |
75956 |
206464 |
|
3 |
4847 |
17696 |
73579 |
184413 |
|
Mean |
4847 |
18820 |
70112 |
192398 |
|
2.00 |
1 |
4847 |
26085 |
98661 |
331095 |
2 |
4847 |
23598 |
119933 |
364480 |
|
3 |
4847 |
29948 |
139522 |
420455 |
|
Mean |
4847 |
26544 |
119372 |
372010 |
|
0.632 |
1 |
4847 |
31107 |
162881 |
779174 |
2 |
4847 |
29645 |
166047 |
814435 |
|
3 |
4847 |
32892 |
180844 |
839161 |
|
Mean |
4847 |
31215 |
169924 |
810923 |
|
0.200 |
1 |
4847 |
31280 |
164719 |
997859 |
2 |
4847 |
26691 |
214950 |
1222750 |
|
3 |
4847 |
30448 |
230411 |
1267055 |
|
Mean |
4847 |
29473 |
203360 |
1162555 |
|
0.0632 |
1 |
4847 |
29351 |
167240 |
957884 |
2 |
4847 |
26821 |
179073 |
929839 |
|
3 |
4847 |
29207 |
206513 |
1079686 |
|
Mean |
4847 |
28460 |
184275 |
989136 |
|
Control |
1 |
4847 |
33190 |
235549 |
1581565 |
2 |
4847 |
30342 |
219251 |
1123750 |
|
3 |
4847 |
24656 |
238050 |
1378273 |
|
4 |
4847 |
23391 |
205435 |
994636 |
|
5 |
4847 |
31646 |
241937 |
1226887 |
|
6 |
4847 |
31175 |
207427 |
1202883 |
|
Mean |
4847 |
29067 |
224608 |
1251332 |
Evaluation after 72 hours
Statistically significant differences of growth rates and yield compared to control values are marked (+), not significant differences are marked (-).
Nominal test item concentration |
Replicate |
Growth rate |
Inhibition of growth rate |
Yield |
Inhibition of yield |
||
[mg/L] |
No. |
[d-1] |
[%] |
[cells/mL] |
[%] |
||
20.0 |
1 |
|
0.23 |
88 |
|
4676 |
100 |
2 |
|
0.05 |
97 |
|
774 |
100 |
|
3 |
|
0.21 |
88 |
|
4368 |
100 |
|
Mean |
(+) |
0.16 |
91 |
(+) |
3273 |
100 |
|
6.32 |
1 |
|
1.22 |
34 |
|
181471 |
85 |
2 |
|
1.25 |
32 |
|
201617 |
84 |
|
3 |
|
1.21 |
34 |
|
179566 |
86 |
|
Mean |
(+) |
1.23 |
34 |
(+) |
187551 |
85 |
|
2.00 |
1 |
|
1.41 |
24 |
|
326248 |
74 |
2 |
|
1.44 |
22 |
|
359633 |
71 |
|
3 |
|
1.49 |
19 |
|
415608 |
67 |
|
Mean |
(+) |
1.45 |
22 |
(+) |
367163 |
71 |
|
0.632 |
1 |
|
1.69 |
8 |
|
774327 |
38 |
2 |
|
1.71 |
8 |
|
809588 |
35 |
|
3 |
|
1.72 |
7 |
|
834314 |
33 |
|
Mean |
(+)* |
1.71 |
8 |
(+) |
806076 |
35 |
|
0.200 |
1 |
|
1.78 |
4 |
|
993012 |
20 |
2 |
|
1.84 |
0 |
|
1217903 |
2 |
|
3 |
|
1.86 |
0 |
|
1262208 |
-1 |
|
Mean |
(-) |
1.83 |
1 |
(-) |
1157708 |
7 |
|
0.0632 |
1 |
|
1.76 |
5 |
|
953037 |
24 |
2 |
|
1.75 |
5 |
|
924992 |
26 |
|
3 |
|
1.80 |
2 |
|
1074839 |
14 |
|
Mean |
(-) |
1.77 |
4 |
(-) |
984289 |
21 |
|
Control |
1 |
|
1.93 |
|
|
1576718 |
|
2 |
|
1.82 |
|
|
1118903 |
|
|
3 |
|
1.88 |
|
|
1373426 |
|
|
4 |
|
1.78 |
|
|
989789 |
|
|
5 |
|
1.85 |
|
|
1222040 |
|
|
6 |
|
1.84 |
|
|
1198036 |
|
|
Mean |
|
1.85 |
|
|
1246485 |
|
* = The concentration level 0.632 is considered to be not biologically significant, due to an inhibition ≤ 8%
Description of key information
72h-EC50 (Desmodesmus subspicatus, growth rate) = 9.30 mg/L, 72h-EC10 (Desmodesmus subspicatus, growth rate) = 0.963 mg/L (OECD 201, 2017)
Key value for chemical safety assessment
- EC50 for freshwater algae:
- 9.3 mg/L
- EC10 or NOEC for freshwater algae:
- 0.963 mg/L
Additional information
In a reliable key study, toxicity of the submission substance to the green alga was determined according to OECD 201 (2011) and in compliance with GLP (RL1). The study was conducted with five test concentrations (nominal 0.0632, 0.200, 0.632, 2.00, 6.32 and 20.0 mg/L) under static conditions during 72 hours. Controls were run in parallel. All test concentrations and controls were analytically verified by HPLC-DAD analysis. Derived effect concentrations are based on the nominal test concentrations. Adverse effects on growth rate and yield of biomass followed a dose-response relationship. Derived effect concentrations on growth rate (r) and yield of biomass (y) were (nominal): 72h-ErC50 = 9.30 mg/L, 72h-ErC10 = 0.963 mg/L (OECD 201, 2017), 72h-NOErC = 0.632 mg/L; 72h-EyC50 = 1.11 mg/L, 72h-NOEyC = 0.200 mg/L (EC10 was not derived for yield of biomass). The study was considered reliable and adequate for the environmental hazard assessment for aquatic organisms.
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
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