Registration Dossier
Registration Dossier
Data platform availability banner - registered substances factsheets
Please be aware that this old REACH registration data factsheet is no longer maintained; it remains frozen as of 19th May 2023.
The new ECHA CHEM database has been released by ECHA, and it now contains all REACH registration data. There are more details on the transition of ECHA's published data to ECHA CHEM here.
Diss Factsheets
Use of this information is subject to copyright laws and may require the permission of the owner of the information, as described in the ECHA Legal Notice.
EC number: 611-056-6 | CAS number: 538313-26-7
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Endpoint summary
Administrative data
Description of key information
According to in vitro skin irritation (reconstructed human epidermis test method, OECD 439) and in vitro skin corrosion (reconstructed human epidermis test method, OECD 431) assays, CuDABT is not classified as irritant or corrosive for the skin.
According to in vitro eye irritation assay (Bovine corneal opacity and permeability test method, OECD 437), CuDABT is not classified as irritant or corrosive for the eyes.
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Skin irritation / corrosion
Link to relevant study records
- Endpoint:
- skin corrosion: in vitro / ex vivo
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- June-July 2016
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 431 (In Vitro Skin Corrosion: Reconstructed Human Epidermis (RHE) Test Method)
- Version / remarks:
- dated 28 july 2015
method B40bis of the Council regulation No.440/2008 - Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- yes (incl. QA statement)
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- SOURCE OF TEST MATERIAL
- Provider : AUTOLIV ASP, 16700 W. Hwy 83, Promontory, UTAH 84307, USA
- batch No. P3656461
- Expiration date of the lot/batch: august 25th 2020
- Purity: 97.4%
STABILITY AND STORAGE CONDITIONS OF TEST MATERIAL
- Storage condition of test material: in a restricted area dedicated to explosive products, at outside temperature and humidity
- Solubility and stability of the test substance in the solvent/vehicle: not soluble in water
TREATMENT OF TEST MATERIAL PRIOR TO TESTING
- Treatment of test material prior to testing: no treatment
FORM AS APPLIED IN THE TEST (if different from that of starting material)
not different - Test system:
- artificial membrane barrier model
- Source species:
- human
- Cell type:
- other: 0.6 cm2 reconstituted epidermis
- Cell source:
- other: epiCS, Cell Systems
- Justification for test system used:
- corrosion assay on animals is forbiden
- Vehicle:
- unchanged (no vehicle)
- Details on test system:
- TEMPERATURE USED FOR TEST SYSTEM
- Temperature used during treatment / exposure: room temperature
- Temperature of post-treatment incubation (if applicable): no
REMOVAL OF TEST MATERIAL AND CONTROLS
- Number of washing steps: 20 times
DYE BINDING METHOD
- Dye used in the dye-binding assay: MTT
- Spectrophotometer: Elx80 absorbance microplate reader Biotek
- Wavelength:570 nm
NUMBER OF INDEPENDENT TESTING RUNS / EXPERIMENTS TO DERIVE FINAL PREDICTION:
PREDICTION MODEL / DECISION CRITERIA (choose relevant statement)
- The test substance is considered to be corrosive to skin if viability measured is <50% after 3 min of exposure or if viability measured is >=50% after 3 min and <15% after 60 minutes of exposure
- The test substance is considered to be non-corrosive to skin if viability measured is >= 50% after 3 min and >=15% after 60 minutes of exposure - Control samples:
- yes, concurrent negative control
- yes, concurrent no treatment
- Amount/concentration applied:
- TEST MATERIAL
- Amount(s) applied 25 mg
NEGATIVE CONTROL
- Amount(s) applied (volume or weight): PBS PAN BIOTECH GmbH, batch No. 23802016
POSITIVE CONTROL
- Amount(s) applied (volume or weight): 8N KOH, Sigma, batch No. SLBD3295V - Duration of treatment / exposure:
- 3 minutes
30 minutes - Duration of post-treatment incubation (if applicable):
- no applicable
- Number of replicates:
- 2
- Irritation / corrosion parameter:
- % tissue viability
- Run / experiment:
- test item: after 3 minutes: 95.11% of viability after 60 minutes: 94.25% of viability
- Value:
- > <
- Vehicle controls validity:
- not applicable
- Negative controls validity:
- valid
- Positive controls validity:
- valid
- Remarks on result:
- no indication of irritation
- Other effects / acceptance of results:
- - OTHER EFFECTS:
- Visible damage on test system:
- Direct-MTT reduction: the intrinsic colour of the test item is blue, wich did not allow to conclude on its direct >MTT reduction potential. 2 killed skin models were added.
- Colour interference with MTT: not interfere with MTT assay
DEMONSTRATION OF TECHNICAL PROFICIENCY:
ACCEPTANCE OF RESULTS:
- Acceptance criteria met for negative control:
- Acceptance criteria met for positive control:
- Acceptance criteria met for variability between replicate measurements:
- Range of historical values if different from the ones specified in the test guideline: - Interpretation of results:
- GHS criteria not met
- Conclusions:
- In accordance with the regulation (EC) No. 1272/2008, the results obtained under these experimental conditions enable to conclude taht the test item Copper Dianmmine Bitetrazole (CuDABT) does not have to be classified in category 1 "corrosive". The hasard statement "H314: causes severe skin burns and eye damage" with the signal word "Danger" are not required.
- Executive summary:
The aim of the study was to evaluate the possible corrosive effects of the test item after topical administration on in vitro human reconstituted epidermis (epiCS(R), CellSystems(R)).
The test item Copper Diammine Bitetrazole (CuDABT) was applied as supplied, at the dose of 25 mg, to 2 living and 2 killed Human skin model surfaces (0.6 cm2, epiCS(R), CellSystems(R)) during 3 minutes and 1 hour, followed by a rince with 20 mL of PBS. Cell viability was then measured by enzymatic conversion of the vital dye MTT into a blue formazan salt that was quantitatively measured after extraction from tissues. The experimental protocol was established in accordance with O.E.C.D. test Guideline No. 431 dated 28 July 2015 and the method B.40bis of the Council regulation No.440/2008.
3 minutes and 1 hour after the test item application, the mean corrected percents viability of epidermis skins treated with the test item were 95.11% and 94.25%, versus 5.13% and 0.39%, respectively, with the positive control item (potassium hydroxide 8N).
In accordance with the Regulation (EC) No. 1272/2008, the results obtained under these experimental conditions enable to conclude that the test item Copper Diammine Bitetrazole (CuDABT) does not have to be classified in Category 1 'Corrosive". The hazard statement "H314: Causes severe skin burns and eye damage" with signal word "Danger" are not required.
- Endpoint:
- skin irritation: in vitro / ex vivo
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- March 23th to May 20th 2016
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study with acceptable restrictions
- Remarks:
- study performed in accordance with guideline OECD439 and GLP. A minor deviation about teperature of incubation (bteween 37.0 to 38.2°C instead of 37°C +/- 1°C) but conidered have no significant impact on the result and the validity of the study.
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 439 (In Vitro Skin Irritation: Reconstructed Human Epidermis Test Method)
- Version / remarks:
- adopted 28 July 2015
- Deviations:
- yes
- Remarks:
- incubation temperature deviation, considered without impact on results of the study.
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- EU Method B.46 (In Vitro Skin Irritation: Reconstructed Human Epidermis Model Test)
- Version / remarks:
- Council regulation No. 761/2009 dated 23 July 2009
- GLP compliance:
- yes (incl. QA statement)
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- SOURCE OF TEST MATERIAL
- Provider : AUTOLIV ASP, 16700 W. Hwy 83, Promontory, UTAH 84307, USA
- batch No. P3656461
- Expiration date of the lot/batch: august 25th 2020
- Purity: 97.4%
STABILITY AND STORAGE CONDITIONS OF TEST MATERIAL
- Storage condition of test material: in a restricted area dedicated to explosive products, at outside temperature and humidity
- Solubility and stability of the test substance in the solvent/vehicle: not soluble in water
TREATMENT OF TEST MATERIAL PRIOR TO TESTING
- Treatment of test material prior to testing: no treatment
FORM AS APPLIED IN THE TEST (if different from that of starting material)
not different - Test system:
- human skin model
- Source species:
- human
- Cell type:
- non-transformed keratinocytes
- Cell source:
- foreskin from a single donor
- Vehicle:
- unchanged (no vehicle)
- Details on test system:
- TEMPERATURE USED FOR TEST SYSTEM
- Temperature used during treatment / exposure: room temperature
- Temperature of post-treatment incubation (if applicable): 37°C, 5% CO2
REMOVAL OF TEST MATERIAL AND CONTROLS
- Number of washing steps: 25 x 1mL
- Observable damage in the tissue due to washing: blue spots observed
DYE BINDING METHOD
- Dye used in the dye-binding assay: MTT 1.0 mg/mL, 300µL per 0.5 cm2 reconstructed epidermis, 2h55 incubation at 37°C, 5%CO2
- Spectrophotometer: ELx800 absorbance microplate reader, BioTek
- Wavelength: 570 nm
NUMBER OF INDEPENDENT TESTING RUNS / EXPERIMENTS TO DERIVE FINAL PREDICTION:
PREDICTION MODEL / DECISION CRITERIA (choose relevant statement)
- The test substance is considered to be irritant to skin if the tissue viability after 42 minutes of exposure and 42 hours of post-exposure incubation is <=50%
- The test substance is considered to be non-irritant to skin if the tissue viability after 42 minutes of exposure and 42 hours of post-exposure incubation is > 50% - Control samples:
- yes, concurrent negative control
- yes, concurrent no treatment
- Amount/concentration applied:
- TEST MATERIAL
- Amount(s) applied (volume or weight with unit): 16 mg
POSITIVE CONTROL
- Amount(s) applied (volume or weight): 0.5 g of SDS (SIGMA batch No. STBF1623V) in 10 mL of distilled water
- Concentration (if solution): 5% SDS - Duration of treatment / exposure:
- 42 minutes
- Duration of post-treatment incubation (if applicable):
- 42 hours
- Number of replicates:
- 3
- Irritation / corrosion parameter:
- % tissue viability
- Run / experiment:
- mean corrected percent viability of the treated tissues was 82.1%
- Value:
- > 0.5
- Vehicle controls validity:
- not applicable
- Negative controls validity:
- valid
- Positive controls validity:
- valid
- Interpretation of results:
- GHS criteria not met
- Conclusions:
- In accordance with the Regulation (EC) No. 1272/2008, the test item Copper Diammine Bitetrazole (CuDABT) has to be considered as Non-irritant to skin in accordance with UN GHS No Category. No hazard statement or signal word is required
- Executive summary:
The aim of the study was to evaluate the possible irritating effects of the test item after topical administration on in vitro human reconstituted epidermis (SkinEthic RHE model).
The test item Copper Diammine Bitetrazole (CuDABT) was applied as supplied, at the dose of 16 mg, to 3 living and 2 killed Reconstructed Human epidermis (0.5 cm2, SkinEthic RHE model) during 42 minutes, followed by
a rince with 25 mL of PBS and a 42 hours post-incubation period at 37°C, 5% CO2. Cell viability was then measured by enzymatic conversion of the vital dye MTT into a blue formazan salt that was quantitatively measured after extraction from tissues. The experimental protocol was established in accordance withO.E.C.D. test Guideline No. 439 dated 28 July 2015 and the method B.46of the Council regulation No.761/2009 dated July 23th 2009 (E.U. Journal L220) - ATP Council regulation No.440/2008 of may 30th 2008 (E.U. Journal L142).
The mean corrected percents viability of the treated tissues was 82.1%, versus 2.1%, respectively, with the positive control item (5% Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate).
In accordance with the Regulation (EC) No. 1272/2008, the test item Copper Diammine Bitetrazole (CuDABT) has to be considered as Non-irritant to skin in accordance with UN GHS No Category. No hazard statement or signal word is required.
Referenceopen allclose all
Endpoint conclusion
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no adverse effect observed (not irritating)
Eye irritation
Link to relevant study records
- Endpoint:
- eye irritation: in vitro / ex vivo
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- July 2016
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 437 (Bovine Corneal Opacity and Permeability Test Method for Identifying i) Chemicals Inducing Serious Eye Damage and ii) Chemicals Not Requiring Classification for Eye Irritation or Serious Eye Damage)
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- yes (incl. QA statement)
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- SOURCE OF TEST MATERIAL
- Provider : AUTOLIV ASP, 16700 W. Hwy 83, Promontory, UTAH 84307, USA
- batch No. P3656461
- Expiration date of the lot/batch: august 25th 2020
- Purity: 97.4%
STABILITY AND STORAGE CONDITIONS OF TEST MATERIAL
- Storage condition of test material: in a restricted area dedicated to explosive products, at outside temperature and humidity
- Solubility and stability of the test substance in the solvent/vehicle: not soluble in water or other tested vehicle, homogeneous suspensions
TREATMENT OF TEST MATERIAL PRIOR TO TESTING
- Treatment of test material prior to testing: no treatment
FORM AS APPLIED IN THE TEST (if different from that of starting material)
homogeneous suspensions in vehicle - Species:
- cattle
- Strain:
- not specified
- Details on test animals or tissues and environmental conditions:
- Source: bovine eye were obtained from freshly slaughtered cattle at the abattoir EVA, Saint-Pierre-sur-Dives, FRANCE
- Age : bovine cattle were up to 12 months old- Vehicle:
- other: parafin oil
- Controls:
- yes, concurrent vehicle
- yes, concurrent positive control
- Amount / concentration applied:
- TEST MATERIAL
- Amount(s) applied (volume or weight with unit): 750µL of test item 20% (w/v) in vehicle (parafin oil)
homogeneous blue suspension - Duration of treatment / exposure:
- 4 hours
- Duration of post- treatment incubation (in vitro):
- 0
- Number of animals or in vitro replicates:
- 3
- Details on study design:
- REMOVAL OF TEST SUBSTANCE
- Washing (if done): On completion of the treatment period, the test item formulation was removed from the front opening of the anterior chamber (open-chamber method) and the epithelium was rinsed as follows:
- any test item formulation adhering to the walls of the anterior chamber was removed with a cotton bud and using a pipette of heated cMEM (32°C),
- the corneas were rinsed three times with pre-warmed cMEM containing phenol red (i.e. until the test item formulation had been completely removed from the chamber or until the phenol red was not discoloured). Then, the corneas were finally rinsed with pre-warmed cMEM without phenol red.
The rinsing efficiency was visually confirmed by observing the transparency and the colour changing of the rinsing medium (containing phenol red). Some difficulties were encountered during the rinsing. Indeed, residual amounts of test item formulation were noted on the walls of the anterior chamber but were finally removed.
SCORING SYSTEM:
The following formula was used to determine the In Vitro Irritancy Score (IVIS):
IVIS = (OPT2-OPT0) + (15 x cOD490 nm)
The IVIS was calculated for each test item formulation and positive control cornea. The mean IVIS for each series of three corneas was calculated from the individual scores.
TOOL USED TO ASSESS SCORE:
OPACITY MEASUREMENTS: An opacitometer was used to measure light transmission (i.e. the level of opacity) through the center of each mounted cornea. A numerical opacity measurement (arbitrary unit) was displayed and recorded. Just before the first opacity measurement (i.e. OPT0), the opacitometer was calibrated using specific calibrators. Values obtained for each calibrator were as follows:
- calibrator No. 1: set to 75,
- calibrator No. 2: from 145 to 155,
- calibrator No. 3: from 218 to 232.
Just before the second opacity measurement (i.e. OPT2), the opacitometer was calibrated using the calibrator No. 1 set to 75. Just after each opacity measurement (OPT0 and OPT2), the calibration of the opacitometer was checked by using the calibrator No. 1. The obtained value was between 73 and 77.
Corneal opacity was determined by reading each holder in the right hand chamber of the calibrated opacitometer, versus an empty holder (without cMEM, cornea and glasses), placed in the left hand chamber.
For opacity measurement, care was taken to make sure that no air bubbles were present within the holders containing corneas (by ensuring that each compartment was filled to overflowing with heated cMEM) and each holder was wiped dry.
PERMEABILITY DETERMINATION
After the second opacity measurement, the medium of the anterior chamber was removed and the anterior chamber received 1 mL of a 5 mg/mL fluorescein solution in cMEM.
The Optical Density at a wavelength of 490 nm (OD490 nm) of this dilution was measured. As the value obtained was between 0.850 and 0.940 the fluorescein solution was validated.
For each series of three corneas, a chronometer started from the fluorescein solution application time of the first cornea of the series. The holders were incubated vertically (cornea positioned horizontally with the fluorescein-treated side uppermost) in a water bath at +32°C (± 1°C) for 90 minutes (± 5 minutes).
At the end of incubation, the maximum volume of cMEM recoverable from the posterior chamber of each holder was transferred into an identified tube. The medium was homogenized prior to determination of OD490 nm, using single-use cuvettes (1 cm path length) and a spectrophotometer (cMEM used as the blank).
MACROSCOPIC EXAMINATION
After permeability determination, the corneas were removed from the holders and observed for opaque spots, other irregularities and any separation of the epithelium (see Table 1). Then, the corneas were discarded. - Irritation parameter:
- in vitro irritation score
- Run / experiment:
- positive control
- Value:
- 173
- Vehicle controls validity:
- valid
- Negative controls validity:
- not applicable
- Positive controls validity:
- valid
- Remarks on result:
- other: in the range 2 SD of historical data
- Irritation parameter:
- in vitro irritation score
- Run / experiment:
- test item 20%
- Value:
- 1
- Vehicle controls validity:
- valid
- Negative controls validity:
- not applicable
- Positive controls validity:
- valid
- Other effects / acceptance of results:
- OTHER EFFECTS:
- Visible damage on test system: no
ACCEPTANCE OF RESULTS:
- Acceptance criteria met for negative control: mean opacity <4.4 and mean fluorescein OD490nm <0.0296
- Acceptance criteria met for positive control: the mean IVIS should fall within 2 SD of the historical mean (105.2 to 186) - Interpretation of results:
- GHS criteria not met
- Conclusions:
- Under the experimental conditions of this study, the test item, CuDABT, was identified as a test item not requiring classification for eye irritation or serious eye damage (UN GHS No Category).
- Executive summary:
The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential irritant and corrosive properties of the test item, CuDABT, to the eye. The Bovine Corneal Opacity and Permeability (BCOP) test method can identify chemicals inducing serious eye damage and chemicals not requiring classification for eye irritation or serious eye damage. The design of this study was based on the guideline OECD Guideline 437 and the study was performedin compliance with CiToxLAB France standard operating procedures and with the OECD Principles of Good Laboratory Practice.
Method
Corneas obtained from freshly slaughtered calves were mounted in corneal holders. Both chambers of the corneal holder were filled with complemented MEM culture media (cMEM) and pre-incubated for 1 hour and 5 minutes at +32°C.
A single experiment was performed using three corneas for each treated series (test item formulation, positive and vehicle controls).
Before the treatment, a first opacity measurement was performed on each cornea using an opacitometer.
The test item was applied at the concentration of 20% (w/v) in the vehicle (paraffin oil), in a single experiment using a treatment time of 4 hours and using the open-chamber method. Vehicle and positive controls were applied using the same treatment time and using the closed-chamber method. At the completion of the treatment period, all items were removed from the front opening of the anterior chamber and the epithelia were rinsed. A second opacity measurement was then performed. After the second opacity measurement, the medium of the anterior chamber was removed and filled with a fluorescein solution. The holders were then incubated vertically for 90 minutes at +32°C. At the end of the incubation period, the optical density of the solution from the posterior chamber of each holder was measured in order to determine the permeability of the cornea. Each cornea was then observed for opaque spots and other irregularities.
Results
Macroscopic examinations
No notable opaque spots or irregularities were observed on all test item formulation-treated corneas.
In Vitro Irritancy Score
All acceptance criteria were fulfilled. The study was therefore considered as valid.
The mean In Vitro Irritancy Score (IVIS) of the test item formulation-treated corneas was: 1.
As the mean IVIS was < 3, the test item was considered asa test chemical not requiring classification for eye irritation or serious eye damage (UN GHS No Category).
Conclusion
Under the experimental conditions of this study, the test item, CuDABT, was identified as a test item not requiring classification for eye irritation or serious eye damage (UN GHS No Category).
Reference
Endpoint conclusion
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no adverse effect observed (not irritating)
Respiratory irritation
Endpoint conclusion
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no study available
Additional information
Justification for classification or non-classification
According to in vitro skin irritation (reconstructed human epidermis test method, OECD 439) and in vitro skin corrosion (reconstructed human epidermis test method, OECD 431) assays results, CuDABT is not classified as irritant or corrosive for the skin :
- OECD 439: mean corrected percent viability of the treated tissues = 82.1% (>50%)
- OECD 431: 3 minutes and 1 hour after the test item application, the mean corrected percent viability of epidermis skins treated with the test item were 95.11% and 94.25% (> 50%)
According to in vitro eye irritation assay (Bovine corneal opacity and permeability test method, OECD 437), CuDABT is not classified as irritant or corrosive for the eyes:
- OECD 437: mean In Vitro Irritancy Score (IVIS) of the test item formulation-treated corneas = 1 (IVIS < 3)
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
Reproduction or further distribution of this information may be subject to copyright protection. Use of the information without obtaining the permission from the owner(s) of the respective information might violate the rights of the owner.