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EC number: 203-606-5 | CAS number: 108-68-9
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Type of information:
- migrated information: read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: GLP study
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- study report
- Title:
- Unnamed
- Year:
- 2 005
- Report date:
- 2005
Materials and methods
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 201 (Alga, Growth Inhibition Test)
- Deviations:
- yes
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Deviations: The temperature in the test solutions deviated from 24±1°C and was instead in the range 22 - 23°C between teh 48 and 72 hour observaton periods. This was not considered to adversely impact the integrity of the study.
- GLP compliance:
- yes
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Mixed xylenols
- IUPAC Name:
- Mixed xylenols
- Details on test material:
- - Name of test material (as cited in study report):
- Substance type: phenol
- Physical state: not stated
- Analytical purity: 99.74%
- Impurities (identity and concentrations):
- Composition of test material, percentage of components:
- Isomers composition: 2,5-xylenol: 16.4%; 3,4-xylenol: 16.9%; 2,4-xylenol: 22.7%; 3,5-xylenol: 11.1%; 2,3-xylenol: 18.2%; 2,6-xylenol: 14.7%;
- Purity test date: not stated
- Lot/batch No.: 20NOV2003
- Expiration date of the lot/batch: 31 July 2005
- Stability under test conditions: not stated
- Storage condition of test material: Room temperature in the original container in a dark ventilated cabinet
Constituent 1
Sampling and analysis
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
Test solutions
- Vehicle:
- yes
Test organisms
- Test organisms (species):
- Raphidocelis subcapitata (previous names: Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, Selenastrum capricornutum)
- Details on test organisms:
- TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata
- Strain: 1648
- Source (laboratory, culture collection): Universtiy of Texas, Austin, Texas, USA
- Age of inoculum (at test initiation): 3 days
- Method of cultivation: Continuous agitation on an orbital shaker (100 rpm) in 125 mL glass flasks each containing 50 mL of medium, covered with stainless steel caps permitting gas exchange.
ACCLIMATION
- Acclimation period: 3 days
- Culturing media and conditions (same as test or not): yes, except screw cap tops used during test.
- Any deformed or abnormal cells observed: none stated
Study design
- Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 72 h
Test conditions
- Test temperature:
- 22-24°C
- pH:
- pH 8.2-8.4 (test start), pH 8.9-9.5 (test end)
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- Nominal: 1.6, 3.1, 6.3, 13 and 25 mg/L
Measured: 1.0, 1.7, 4.4, 10 and 22 mg/L - Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Test vessel:
- Type (delete if not applicable): closed
- Material, size, headspace, fill volume: 250 mL glass Erlenmeyer flasks with screw cap tops, 100 mL per flask.
- Aeration: none
- Type of flow-through (e.g. peristaltic or proportional diluter): static test
- Renewal rate of test solution (frequency/flow rate): closed system
- Initial cells density: approx. 1.0 x 10E4 cells/mL
- Control end cells density:
- No. of organisms per vessel:
- No. of vessels per concentration (replicates): 3
- No. of vessels per control (replicates): 3
- No. of vessels per vehicle control (replicates): 3
GROWTH MEDIUM
- Standard medium used: yes
- Detailed composition if non-standard medium was used: not applicable
TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS
- Source/preparation of dilution water: sterile de-ionised water
- Total organic carbon: 1.7 mg/L
- Particulate matter: not observed
- Metals: not present in toxic concentrations
- Pesticides: not present in toxic concentrations
- Chlorine: not stated
- Alkalinity: not stated
- Ca/mg ratio: not stated
- Conductivity: 350 - 380 µmhos/cm
- Culture medium different from test medium:
- Intervals of water quality measurement: 0 and 72 h
OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Sterile test conditions: yes
- Adjustment of pH: no
- Photoperiod: continuous light
- Light intensity and quality: 7000 - 8600 lux, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) was 95 - 127 µE/m2/s
- Salinity (for marine algae): not applicable
EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED (with observation intervals if applicable) :
- Determination of cell concentrations: [counting chamber; electronic particle counter; fluorimeter; spectrophotometer; colorimeter]
- Chlorophyll measurement: not stated
TEST CONCENTRATIONS
- Spacing factor for test concentrations: approx. 2
- Justification for using less concentrations than requested by guideline: not applicable
- Range finding study
- Test concentrations: control, solvent control, 0.010, 0.10, 1.0 and 10 mg/L
- Results used to determine the conditions for the definitive study: yes
Results and discussion
Effect concentrationsopen allclose all
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 14 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (arithm. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- biomass
- Remarks on result:
- other: 95 % CL: 12-15 mg/L
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 1.7 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (arithm. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- biomass
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- > 22 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (arithm. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 1.7 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (arithm. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Details on results:
- - Exponential growth in the control (for algal test): yes/no
- Observation of abnormalities (for algal test):
- Unusual cell shape: In the 10 mg/L exposure solution, cells were observed to be bloated at 48 hours. In the 10 and 22 mg/L exposure solutions, at 72 hours cells were observed to be bloated and cell fragments were seen.
- Colour differences: not stated
- Flocculation: not stated
- Adherence to test vessels: not stated
- Aggregation of algal cells: not stated
- Other:
- Any stimulation of growth found in any treatment: no
- Any observations (e.g. precipitation) that might cause a difference between measured and nominal values: none stated
- Effect concentrations exceeding solubility of substance in test medium: no
Any other information on results incl. tables
Analytical analysis of the test media showed the mean measured exposure concentration ranged between 53 - 93% of nominal, i.e. 1.0, 1.7, 4.4, 10 and 22 mg/L. At
the end of the exposure period, the analytical result from the 6.3 mg/L nominal dose without algae present was 4.6 mg/L. From the 6.3 mg/L test solution with algae present, the measured concentration was 3.3 mg/L. This demonstrates that the presence of algae had a slight impact on the concentration of mixed xylenols in the test solution. Percentage recoveries in teh six QC samples demonstrated consistency with teh predetermined recovery range (60.4 - 65.2% for the 1.00 mg/L samples and 87.4 - 100% for the 10.0 and 50.0 mg/L samples).
Cell densities were determined at each observation interval. In the 10 mg/L exposure solution, cells were observed to be bloated at 48 hours. In the 10 and 22 mg/L exposure solutions, at 72 hours cells were observed to be bloated and cell fragments were seen. Cells exposed to 1.0, 1.7 and 4.4 mg/L were observed to be normal. The 72 hour cell density in the control and solvent control had a mean of 32.67 and 83.25 x 10E4 cells/mL, respectively. Cell densities in the 1.0, 1.7, 4.4, 10 and 22 mg/L treatment levels had a mean of 82.67, 83.00, 72.1, 53.00 and 13.92 x 10E4 cells/mL, respectively. A significant difference was observed in the total biomass between the control and solvent control (t-test) and so solvent control data were used to determine the treatment level effects. A significant reduction in total biomass was observed in the 4.4, 10 and 22 mg/L treatment levels compared to the solvent control data, using Williams' test.
Mean growth rates were 1.17 and 1.49 daysE-1 for teh control and solvent control, respectively after 72 hours. The t-test determined a significant difference between teh control and solvent control growth rate and so solvent control data were used to determine treatment related effects. The mean growth rates in the 1.0, 1.7, 4.4, 10 and 22 mg/L treatments were 1.49, 1.49, 1.44, 1.34 and 0.89 daysE-1, respectively. These data showed a significant reduction in growth rate with Williams' test for teh 4.4, 10 and 22 mg/L treatment levels, compared to the solvent control data.
Table 1: Concentrations of mixed xylenols measured during the 72 hour exposure of Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata
Nominal concentration (mg/L) |
Measured concentration (mg/L) |
|||
0 hour |
72 hours |
Mean |
% of nominal |
|
Control |
<0.14 |
<0.14 |
NA |
NA |
Solvent control |
<0.14 |
<0.14 |
NA |
NA |
1.6 |
1.3 |
0.70 |
1.0 |
63 |
3.1 |
2.2 |
1.1 |
1.7 |
53 |
6.3 |
5.5 |
3.3/4.6 |
4.4 |
69 |
13 |
11 |
9.4 |
10 |
79 |
25 |
24 |
21 |
22 |
90 |
Table 2: Cell density of Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata after 24, 48 and 72 hours of exposure to mixed xylenols
Mean measured concentration (mg/L) |
Cell density (x 104cells/mL) |
|||
Observation interval (hours) |
||||
|
24 |
48 |
72 |
|
Control |
A |
9.50 |
35.75 |
33.50 |
B |
3.50 |
26.50 |
35.25 |
|
C |
4.00 |
20.25 |
29.25 |
|
Mean (SD) |
5.67 (3.33) |
27.50 (7.8) |
32.67 (3.09) |
|
Solvent control |
A |
2.75 |
25.25 |
85.00 |
B |
6.25 |
27.25 |
84.25 |
|
C |
5.25 |
34.75 |
80.50 |
|
Mean (SD) |
4.75 (1.8) |
29.08 (5.01) |
83.25 (2.41) |
|
1.0 |
A |
6.00 |
26.50 |
75.75 |
B |
6.00 |
32.75 |
81.25 |
|
C |
6.00 |
19.75 |
91.00 |
|
Mean (SD) |
6.00 (0) |
26.33 (6.5) |
82.67 (7.72) |
|
1.7 |
A |
4.25 |
28.25 |
84.00 |
B |
4.25 |
32.25 |
85.75 |
|
C |
6.25 |
28.25 |
79.25 |
|
Mean (SD) |
4.92 (1.15) |
29.58 (2.31) |
83.00 (3.36) |
|
4.4 |
A |
3.75 |
25.50 |
70.00 |
B |
4.50 |
21.50 |
78.25 |
|
C |
6.25 |
21.25 |
68.25 |
|
Mean (SD) |
4.83 (1.28) |
22.75 (2.38) |
72.17 (5.34) |
|
10 |
A |
3.50 |
15.00 |
51.50 |
B |
6.25 |
18.75 |
57.75 |
|
C |
4.75 |
17.75 |
49.75 |
|
Mean (SD) |
4.83 (1.38) |
17.17 (1.94) |
53.00 (4.21)ab |
|
22 |
A |
1.25 |
8.00 |
15.75 |
B |
1.50 |
8.50 |
12.25 |
|
C |
3.00 |
6.75 |
13.75 |
|
Mean (SD) |
1.92 (0.95) |
7.75 (0.9)a |
13.92 (1.76)ab |
SD = Standard deviation.
a= Cells were observed to be bloated.
b= Cell fragments were observed.
Table 3: Calculated biomass (area under the growth curve) of Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata after 24, 48 and 72 hours of exposure to mixed xylenols
Mean measured concentration (mg/L) |
Biomass (x 104cells.days/mL) |
|||||
Observation interval (hours) |
||||||
|
0-24 |
24-48 |
48-72 |
72 hour total area |
% inhibitiona |
|
Control |
A |
4.52 |
23.20 |
28.02 |
55.74 |
- |
B |
1.33 |
15.02 |
24.90 |
41.24 |
- |
|
C |
1.59 |
11.94 |
19.79 |
33.32 |
- |
|
Mean (SD) |
2.48 (1.77) |
16.72 (5.82) |
24.24 (4.15) |
43.43 (11.37) |
NA |
|
Solvent control |
A |
0.93 |
13.95 |
45.10 |
59.98 |
- |
B |
2.79 |
16.90 |
45.62 |
65.31 |
- |
|
C |
2.26 |
20.39 |
47.19 |
69.83 |
- |
|
Mean (SD) |
1.99 (0.96) |
17.08 (3.22) |
45.97 (1.08) |
65.04 (4.93) |
NA |
|
1.0 |
A |
2.66 |
16.36 |
41.77 |
60.79 |
- |
B |
2.66 |
19.71 |
46.67 |
69.04 |
- |
|
C |
2.66 |
12.74 |
45.31 |
60.71 |
- |
|
Mean (SD) |
2.66 (0) |
16.27 (3.49) |
44.58 (2.53) |
63.51 (4.79) |
2 |
|
1.7 |
A |
1.73 |
16.36 |
45.94 |
64.03 |
- |
B |
1.73 |
18.51 |
48.33 |
68.57 |
- |
|
C |
2.79 |
17.43 |
43.96 |
64.18 |
- |
|
Mean (SD) |
2.08 (0.61) |
17.43 (1.07) |
46.08 (2.19) |
65.59 (2.58) |
-1 |
|
4.4 |
A |
1.46 |
14.62 |
38.96 |
55.04 |
- |
B |
1.86 |
12.88 |
40.73 |
55.46 |
- |
|
C |
2.79 |
13.68 |
36.46 |
52.93 |
- |
|
Mean (SD) |
2.04 (0.68) |
13.72 (0.87) |
38.72 (2.15) |
54.48 (1.36)b |
16 |
|
10 |
A |
1.33 |
8.85 |
26.87 |
37.05 |
- |
B |
2.79 |
12.34 |
31.04 |
46.17 |
- |
|
C |
1.99 |
11.00 |
27.29 |
40.28 |
- |
|
Mean (SD) |
2.04 (0.73) |
10.73 (1.76) |
28.40 (2.29) |
41.17 (4.62) |
37 |
|
22 |
A |
0.13 |
3.89 |
9.06 |
13.08 |
- |
B |
0.27 |
4.29 |
7.81 |
12.37 |
- |
|
C |
1.06 |
4.16 |
7.71 |
12.93 |
- |
|
Mean (SD) |
0.49 (0.50) |
4.11 (0.20) |
8.19 (0.75) |
12.79 (0.38)b |
80 |
SD = Standard deviation
NA = Not applicable
a= % inhibition relative to the solvent control.
b= Significantly reduced compared to the solvent control,
based on Williams’ test.
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Conclusions:
- The 72 hour EC50 for total biomass was determined to be 14 mg/L and the NOEC was 1.7 mg/L.
The 72 hour EC50 for growth rate was determined to be >22 mg/L and the NOEC was 1.7 mg/L.
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