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EC number: 200-193-3 | CAS number: 54-11-5
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 1989
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- comparable to guideline study with acceptable restrictions
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 211 (Daphnia magna Reproduction Test)
- Version / remarks:
- 2 October 2012
- Deviations:
- yes
- Remarks:
- Exposure duration was 16 days instead of 21 days
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- EPA OPPTS 850.1300 (Daphnid Chronic Toxicity Test)
- Version / remarks:
- 1982
- Deviations:
- not specified
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- other: American Society for Testing Materials (1980) Standard practice for conducting acute toxicity tests with fish, macroinvertebrates, and amphibians. E729-80, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- -Exposure duration was 16 days instead of 21 days
-Species was Daphnia pulex instead of Daphnia magna STRAUS - GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- purity > 97%
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Details on sampling:
- Set A: Chemicals in water --> determination of losses due to physical characteristics such as volatility or adhesion to glass
Set B: Chemicals in test medium, including algae and daphnids --> determination of additional losses from uptake by organisms
Chemical concentrations were analyzed at 1 hr, 48 hr, and 72 hr after preparation to simulate exposure in test media at the beginning and end of the renewal cycle (2-3 d) - Vehicle:
- yes
- Remarks:
- water
- Test organisms (species):
- Daphnia pulex
- Test type:
- semi-static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 16 d
- Hardness:
- 160-200 mg/L as CaCO3
- Test temperature:
- 20°C
- pH:
- not specified
- Dissolved oxygen:
- 8-9 mg/L
- Salinity:
- not specified
- Conductivity:
- not specified
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- Nominal: 0.02, 0.07, 0.12, 0.18, 0.24 mg/L
- Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Test vessel: 1L beakers, containing five uniquely labeled, glass test tubes (3 cm diameter)
- Fill volume: 700 mL + 1 mL chemical stock
- Renewal rate of test solution (frequency/flow rate): new culture media were provided for each treatment three times a week (Monday, Wednesday, Friday)
- No. of vessels per concentration (replicates): two replicate chambers per concentration, each containing five D. pulex in individual test tubes
TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS
- Alkalinity: 100-125 mg/L as CaCO3
OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Adjustment of pH:
- Photoperiod:
- Light intensity:
EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED (with observation intervals if applicable) : Fecundity and growth
- Reference substance (positive control):
- no
- Key result
- Duration:
- 16 d
- Dose descriptor:
- LOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.18 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- reproduction
- Key result
- Duration:
- 16 d
- Dose descriptor:
- LOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.07 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Key result
- Duration:
- 16 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.02 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Key result
- Duration:
- 16 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.12 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- reproduction
- Details on results:
- Recovery rates from the gas chromatography analysis at 1 hr after preparation in water only was relatively low (about 50% of expected) for nicotine. At 48 and 72 hr after preparation, concentrations had dropped substantially (<25% of expected). Uptake by algae and daphnids from the test medium did not add to chemical loss 1 hr after preparation but further reduced nicotine to negligible concentrations (<5% of expected) after 48 hr. The estimated LOEC was based on nominal concentrations instead of actual concentrations and therefore indicate upper limits. The actual concentrations of nicotine were much lower than the nominal concentrations, possibly due to adsorption to glassware, the volatility of these contaminants, and uptake by organisms.
Nicotine significantly reduced growth and fecundity of daphnids at nominal concentrations from 0.02 to 0.24 mg/L. The LOEC for length was 0.07 mg/L (NOEC=0.02 mg/L). The LOEC for fecundity was 0.18 mg/L (NOEC=0.12 mg/L). Mortality also increased at higher concentrations (about 70%). - Reported statistics and error estimates:
- - Analysis of variance (SAS Institute Inc. 1982)
- A set of orthoganol contrasts was used to compare control with treatments, to determine the first concentration that produced significant differences (p<0.05) in fecundity or growth, designated as the lowest-observable effect concentration (LOEC) - Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Remarks:
- mortality in controls <20% by day 16
- Conclusions:
- The toxic effect of the test item (S)-Nicotine to Daphnia pulex was assessed in a semi-static concentration-response test. The 16-day LOEC was determined to be 0.07 mg/L for growth and 0.18 mg/L for reproduction. The concentrations were verified in the analytical part. The estimated LOEC is based on nominal concentrations instead of actual concentrations and therefore indicate upper limits. The actual concentrations of nicotine were much lower than the nominal concentrations, possibly due to adsorption to glassware, the volatility, and uptake by organisms.
- Executive summary:
A semi-static long-term study was performed using five nicotine concentrations of 0.02, 0.07, 0.12, 0.18, 0.24 mg/L (nominal). Exposure duration was 16 days to test the effect of nicotine on growth and reproduction of Daphnia pulex. One Daphnia neonate was placed in each test tube in each chamber (15 per treatment, 90 per test). The cumulative number of neonates produced by daphnids over 16 d was used to measure fecundity. The test was considered valid since mortality in the controls was <20% by day 16. Nicotine concentrations were quantified by GC, equipped with a photo ionization detector. Nicotine significantly reduced growth and fecundity of daphnids at nominal concentrations from 0.02 to 0.24 mg/L. The LOEC for length (growth) was 0.07 mg/L, the LOEC for fecundity (reproduction) was 0.18 mg/L.
Reference
Mortality (%, mean and range) of Daphnia pulex by day 16. Two replicates at each concentration were noted.
mg/L | Mortality [%], mean and range | |
0.0 | 10 | 0 -20 |
0.02 | 6 | 0 -13 |
0.07 | 4 | 0 -7 |
0.12 | 10 | 0 -20 |
0 .18 | 20 | 13 -27 |
0.24 | 66 | 33 -100 |
Recovery rates (mean % of nominal concentrations, standard error in parentheses) of nicotine through time after preparation in water only and in test media.
Substance | % Recovery in water only | % Recovery in test media | ||||
1 hr | 48 hr | 72 hr | 1 hr | 48 hr | 72 hr | |
Nicotine | 57 (3.0) | 24 (2.0) | 9 (4.5) | 89 (6.0) | 3 (3.0) | 0 (0) |
Description of key information
One published long-term study available in Daphnia pulex. The overall quality of this study is considered appropriate for risk assessment (Klimisch 2).
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Fresh water invertebrates
Fresh water invertebrates
- Effect concentration:
- 0.02 mg/L
Additional information
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
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