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EC number: 203-743-0 | CAS number: 110-17-8
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Study published in a peer-reviewed journal with sufficient detail to enable confident assessment of the method and interpretation of the results
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Inhibition of Salvinia (Salvinia molesta Mitchell) by Parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus L.) I. Effect of Leaf Residue and Allelochemicals
- Author:
- Pandey DK
- Year:
- 1 994
- Bibliographic source:
- Journal of Chemical Ecology 20: 31113122
Materials and methods
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- no guideline followed
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Salvinia, a rapidly growing free-floating fern, was grown under outdoor conditions. Biomass and healthy frond numbers were determined after addition of fumaric acid and other chemicals to plant growth medium.
- GLP compliance:
- no
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Fumaric acid
- EC Number:
- 203-743-0
- EC Name:
- Fumaric acid
- Cas Number:
- 110-17-8
- Molecular formula:
- C4H4O4
- IUPAC Name:
- but-2-enedioic acid
- Details on test material:
- Fumaric acid was isolated from parthemium plant residue and purified in the laboratory.
Constituent 1
Test solutions
- Vehicle:
- yes
- Details on test solutions:
- Whenever necessary, fumaric acid and other allelochemicals were dissolved in a small quantity of acetone or ethanol or directly prepared in distilled water.
Test organisms
- Test organisms (species):
- other: Salvinia molesta Mitchell
- Details on test organisms:
- Salvinia plants were grown and maintained in an aqueous medium consisting of 5% (w/v) mixture of farmland manure powder and field soil (3:1 v/v) in water in 20-liter plastic tubs under outdoor conditions. The growing medium was changed at regular intervals, and the plants from this culture were used for the experiments.
Study design
- Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 21 d
Test conditions
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- 10, 25, 50, and 100 ppm fumaric acid
- Details on test conditions:
- Fumaric acid solutions were made up to one half the total volume with distilled water and the remaining half with nutrient medium
- Reference substance (positive control):
- no
Results and discussion
Effect concentrations
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- other: reduction in biomass
- Effect conc.:
- > 100 other: ppm
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- biomass
- Details on results:
- At 50 ppm fumaric acid, the number of healthy fronds increased by approximately 400% over original value and biomass was reduced by approximately 80% after 21 days of exposure. At 100 ppm, the number of healthy fronds increased by greater than 400% over original value and biomass was reduced by approximately 55% after 21 days of exposure.
Any other information on results incl. tables
Effect of different allelochemicals on number of healthy fronds (HFN) and biomass of salvinia
HFN (% change over original value) | Biomass (% change over original value) | ||||||
Allelochemical at 50 ppm | 7 days | 14 days | 21 days | 7 days | 14 days | 21 days | |
Control | 100 | 300 | 450 | 15 | 80 | 105 | |
p-Hydroxybenzoic acid | -100 | -100 | -100 | -60 | -100 | -100 | |
Fumaric acid | 75 | 225 | 400 | 10 | 75 | 80 | |
Allelochemical at 100 ppm | |||||||
Control | 100 | 300 | 500 | 20 | 80 | 105 | |
p-Hydroxybenzoic acid | -100 | -100 | -100 | -100 | -100 | -100 | |
Fumaric acid | 90 | 225 | 400 | 5 | 45 | 55 |
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Remarks:
- Although this was a non-traditional study design, sufficient detail is included to assess toxicity to aquatic plants.
- Conclusions:
- Fumaric acid shows low toxicity to aquatic plants.
- Executive summary:
The effect of fumaric acid and other allelochemicals on healthy frond numbers and biomass were examined in the free-floating fern, Salvinia molesta Mitchell. Fumaric acid was added to the plant growth medium at concentrations of 10, 25, 50, and 100 ppm and healthy frond numbers and biomass were determined at 7, 14 and 21 days. At the 100 ppm dose, the number of healthy fronds increased by over 400 % from the original value and biomass was reduced by approximately 55 % after 21 days of exposure. Fumaric acid was not lethal for salvinia plants at 50 or 100 ppm.
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