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EC number: 200-679-5 | CAS number: 68-12-2
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Additional toxicological data
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- additional toxicological information
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- other information
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: acceptable well documented publication, which meets basic scientific principles
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Potency of monomethyl-, dimethylformamide and some of their metabolites to induce abnormal development in a limb Bud organ culture
- Author:
- Klug, S. et al
- Year:
- 1 998
- Bibliographic source:
- Toxicol. in Vitro 12, 123-132, 1998
Materials and methods
- Type of study / information:
- Developmental toxicity in a limb bud organ culture
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- no guideline available
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Developmental toxicity in a limb bud organ culture
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- N,N-dimethylformamide
- EC Number:
- 200-679-5
- EC Name:
- N,N-dimethylformamide
- Cas Number:
- 68-12-2
- Molecular formula:
- C3H7NO
- IUPAC Name:
- N,N-dimethylformamide
- Details on test material:
- Name of test material: N,N-dimethylformamide
Constituent 1
Results and discussion
Any other information on results incl. tables
Neither N,N-dimethylformamide nor the predominant urinary metabolite N-hydroxymethyl-N-methylformamide exhibited developmental activity in the present investigation, whereas the metabolites resulting from the glutathione binding pathway, i.e. S-(N-methylcarbamoyl)glutathione, S-(N-methylcarbamoyl)cysteine and N-acetyl-S-(N-methylcarbamoyl)cysteine showed potent developmental activity on growth (300 µg/ml) and development (100 µg/mL) of day 12 old mouse limb buds after 24 hours as well as 6 days in culture. The three compounds appear to be equipotent on a molar basis. Limb bud defects were not observed in in vivo studies, where typical malforamtions were seen in the form of vertebral, rib and tail defects and hernia of brain and omphalos.
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- Neither DMF, NMF nor the predominant urinary metabolite HMFF exhibited developmental activity in this test system. In contrast, all metabolites resulting from the glutathione binding pathway, SMG, SMC and AMCC showed potent developmental activity. Under the chosen exposure conditions, the developmental toxicity of DMF in different species appears to be related to the magnitude of glutathione binding.
- Executive summary:
DMF, NMF and their major metabolites were investigated for their developmental toxicity in the mouse limb bud assay. We found that neither DMF, NMF nor the predominant urinary metabolite HMFF exhibited developmental activity. In contrast, all metabolites resulting from the glutathione binding pathway, SMG, SMC and AMCC showed potent developmental activity. Under the chosen exposure conditions, the developmental toxicity of DMF in different species appears to be related to the magnitude of glutathione binding. The results further show the value of using an in vitro system which is incapable of metabolic transformation of exogenous compounds for the identification of ultimate teratogenic species.
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