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EC number: 287-824-6 | CAS number: 85586-21-6
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
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- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
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- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
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- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Endpoint summary
Administrative data
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Additional information
Justification for grouping of substances and read-across The short chain
methyl esters category (SCAE Me) covers fatty acid esters of methanol.
The category contains both mono-constituent substances, with fatty acid
C-chain lengths ranging from C6 to C18 and UVCB substances, composed of
single methyl esters in variable proportions. The available data allows
for an accurate hazard and risk assessment of the category and the
category concept is applied for the assessment of environmental fate,
environmental and human health hazards. Thus where applicable,
environmental and human health effects are predicted from adequate and
reliable data for source substance(s) within the group by interpolation
to the target substances in the group (read-across approach) applying
the group concept in accordance with Annex XI, Item 1.5, of Regulation
(EC) No 1907/2006. In particular, for each specific endpoint the source
substance(s) structurally closest to the target substance is/are chosen
for read-across, with due regard to the requirements of adequacy and
reliability of the available data. Structural similarities and
similarities in properties and/or activities of the source and target
substance are the basis of read-across. A detailed justification
for the grouping of chemicals and read-across is provided in the
technical dossier (see IUCLID Sections 7.1 and 13) and within Chapter
5.1 of the CSR. Table: Endpoint genetic toxicity CAS
Genetic
Toxicity in-vitro Gene
mutation in bacteria Genetic
Toxicity in vitro Chromosome
aberration in mammalian cells Genetic
Toxicity in vitro Gene
mutation in mammalian cells 106-70-7
(a) Experimental
result: not mutagenic RA:
111-82-0 and 67762-38-3 RA:
111-82-0 and 124-10-7 111-11-5
RA:
106-70-7 RA:
111-82-0 and 67762-38-3 RA:
111-82-0 and 124-10-7 110-42-9
RA:
68937-83-7
RA:
111-82-0 and 67762-38-3 RA:
111-82-0 and 124-10-7 111-82-0
Experimental
result: not mutagenic Experimental
result: not clastogenic in human lymphocytes Experimental
result: not mutagenic in mouse lymphoma cells 124-10-7
(b) --
--
Experimental
result: not mutagenic in mouse lymphoma cells 112-39-0
Experimental
result: not mutagenic RA:
111-82-0 and 67762-38-3 RA:
111-82-0 and 124-10-7 112-61-8
Experimental
result: not mutagenic RA:
111-82-0 RA:
111-82-0 and 124-10-7 85566-26-3
RA:
106-70-7
and 111-82-0 RA:
111-82-0 RA:
111-82-0 308065-15-8
RA:
111-82-0 and 544-35-4 RA:
111-82-0, 544-35-4 and 67762-38-3 RA:
111-82-0, 124-10-7 and 544-35-4 68937-83-7
Experimental
result: not mutagenic --
--
1234694-02-0
RA:
111-82-0 and 544-35-4 RA:
111-82-0, 544-35-4 and 67762-38-3 RA:
111-82-0, 124-10-7 and 544-35-4 85586-21-6
RA:
112-61-8, 111-82-0 and 544-35-4 RA:
111-82-0 and 544-35-4 and 67762-38-3 RA:
111-82-0, 124-10-7 and 544-35-4 67762-38-3
Experimental
result: not mutagenic Experimental
result: not clastogenic in human lymphocytes --
544-35-4
(c) Experimental
result: not mutagenic Experimental
result: not clastogenic in human lymphocytes Experimental
result: not mutagenic in mouse lymphoma cells (a) Category
members subject to the REACh Phase-in registration deadline of 31 May
2013 are indicated in bold font. Only for these substances a full set of
experimental results and/or read-across is given. (b) Substances that
are either already registered under REACh or not subject to the
REACh Phase-in registration deadline of 31 May 2013 are indicated in
normal font. Lack of data for a given endpoint is indicated by “--“. (c) Surrogate
substances are either chemicals forming part of a related category of
structurally similar fatty acid esters or precursors/breakdown products
of category members (i.e. alcohol and fatty acid moieties). Available
data on these substances are used for assessment of (eco )toxicological
properties by read-across on the same basis of structural similarity
and/or mechanistic reasoning as described below for the present
category.
Discussion In vitro gene mutation study in bacteria CAS 111-82-0 Two
studies investigating the in vitro gene mutation in bacteria of methyl
laurate (CAS 111-82-0) are available. An Ames test was performed
according to OECD Guideline 471 with methyl laurate (CAS 111-82-0)
dissolved in acetone in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA 1535, TA 1537,
TA 98 and TA 100 and with E. coli WP2uvr A (National Institute of Health
Sciences 2000). Test substance concentrations of 1.56, 3.13, 6.25, 12.5,
25 and 50 µg/plate (TA 100 and TA 1537); 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, 100 and 200
µg/plate (TA 1535 and TA 98); 313, 625, 1250, 2500 and 5000 µg/plate (E.
coli WP2uvr A) without metabolic activation and 12.5, 25, 50, 100, 200
and 400 µg/plate (TA 1537); 25, 50,100, 200, 400 and 800 (TA 100 and TA
1535); 50, 100, 200, 400, 800 and 1600 (TA 98); 313, 625, 1250, 2500 and
5000 µg/plate (E. coli WP2 uvr A) with metabolic activation were tested
in two independent experiments. Cytotoxic effects were observed in the
absence of a metabolic activator at 25 µg/plate (TA 100 and TA 1537), 50
µg/plate (TA 1535 and TA 98) and in the presence of a metabolic
activator (Phenobarbital- and 5,6-benzoflavone-induced rat liver S9) at
concentrations of 150 µg/plate (TA 1537), 400 µg/plate (TA 100), 500
µg/plate (TA 1535) and 800 µg/plate (TA 98). No increase in the
frequency of revertant colonies compared to concurrent negative controls
were observed in all tested strains, neither in the presence nor in the
absence of metabolic activation. Thus, methyl laurate did not induce
gene mutations in all tested strains under the given test conditions.
Another Bacterial Reverse Mutation Assay was performed with methyl
laurate (CAS 111-82-0) according to OECD Guideline 471 (Banduhn, 1992).
Salmonella typhimurium strains TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 1538, TA 98 and TA
100 were treated with methyl laurate diluted in acetone using theplate
incorporation method. Two independent experiments were performed with
identical dose levels of 0, 8, 40, 200, 1000 and 5000 µg/plate. Both
experiments were performed in triplicates with and without the addition
of a rat liver homogenate metabolising system (S9-mix). Cytotoxic
effects were observed at concentration of 5000 μg test substance per
plate. No increase in the frequency of revertant colonies compared to
concurrent negative controls were observed in all tested strains,
neither in the presence nor in the absence of metabolic activation.
Thus, methyl laurate did not induce gene mutations in five tested
Salmonella strains under the given test conditions. CAS 112-39-0
Methyl palmitate (CAS 112-39-0) was tested for mutagenicity in S.
tyhimurium strains TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 1538, TA 98 and TA 100 according
to OECD Guideline 471 (Banduhn, 1992). Test substance concentrations of
0, 8, 40, 200, 1000 and 5000 µg/plate in acetone were tested in
triplicates in two independent experiments using the plate incorporation
method with and without the addition of a rat liver homogenate
metabolising system (S9-mix). No cytotoxicity was observed. No increase
in the frequency of revertant colonies compared to concurrent negative
controls were observed in all tested strains, neither in the presence
nor in the absence of metabolic activation. Thus, methyl palmitate did
not induce gene mutations in five tested Salmonella strains under the
given test conditions. CAS 68937-83-7 The bacterial mutagenicity of
fatty acids, C6-10, methyl esters (CAS 68937-83-7) was tested according
to OECD Guideline 471 in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA 1535, TA
1537, TA 1538, TA 98 and TA 100 (Banduhn, 1988). Test substance
concentrations of 0, 8, 40, 200, 1000 and 5000 µg/plate were used in the
first experiment. In the second experiment 1.25, 5, 20, 80 and 360
µg/plate were used without S9-mix and 3.1, 12.5, 50, 200 and 800µg/plate
were used with S9-mix. The test substance was dissolved in Tween
80/water. Cytotoxicity occurred in the presence and absence of metabolic
activation at test substance concentrations above 200 μg/plate. No
increase in the frequency of revertant colonies compared to concurrent
negative controls were observed in all tested strains, neither in the
presence nor in the absence of metabolic activation. Thus, Fatty acids,
C6-10, Me esters did not induce gene mutations in five tested Salmonella
strains under the given test conditions. CAS 106-70-7 A Bacterial
Reverse Mutation Assay was performed with methyl hexanoate (CAS
106-70-7) according to OECD Guideline 471 in Salmonella typhimurium
strains TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 1538, TA 98 and TA 100 (Banduhn, 1992).
Test substance concentrations of 0, 8, 40, 200, 1000 and 5000 µg/plate
in DMSO were tested in triplicates in two independent experiments using
the plate incorporation method with and without the addition of a rat
liver homogenate metabolising system (S9-mix). Cytotoxic effects were
observed at concentration of 5000 μg test substance per plate. No
increase in the frequency of revertant colonies compared to concurrent
negative controls were observed in all tested strains, neither in the
presence nor in the absence of metabolic activation. Thus, methyl
hexanoate did not induce gene mutations in five tested Salmonella
strains under the given test conditions. CAS 112-61-8 Another Ames
test was performed with methyl stearate (CAS 112-61-8) according to OECD
Guideline 471 in S. typhimurium strains TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 1538, TA 98
and TA 100 (Banduhn, 1992). Test substance concentrations of 0, 8, 40,
200, 1000 and 5000 µg/plate in acetone were tested in triplicates in two
independent experiments using the plate incorporation method with and
without the addition of a rat liver homogenate metabolising system
(S9-mix). Cytotoxic effects were observed at concentration of 5000 μg
test substance per plate. No increase in the frequency of revertant
colonies compared to concurrent negative controls were observed in all
tested strains, neither in the presence nor in the absence of metabolic
activation. Thus, methyl stearate did not induce gene mutations in five
tested Salmonella strains under the given test conditions. CAS
67762-38-3 The substance Fatty acids, C16-18 and C18-unsatd., methyl
esters (CAS 67762-38-3) was tested according to OECD Guideline 471 in
Salmonella typhimurium strains TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 98, TA 100 and TA
102 (Haddouk, 1999). Test substance concentrations of 0, 62.5, 125, 500
and 1000 µg/plate in a first experiment and concentrations of 0, 312.5,
625, 1250, 2500 and 5000 µg/plate in ethanol were used in two
independent experiments. Cytotoxic effects were not observed. No
increase in the frequency of revertant colonies compared to concurrent
negative controls were observed in all tested strains, neither in the
presence nor in the absence of metabolic activation. Thus, Fatty acids,
C16-18 and C18-unsatd., Me esters did not induce gene mutations in five
tested Salmonella strains under the given test conditions. CAS
544-35-4 Another Ames test was performed with 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid
(Z,Z)-, ethyl ester (CAS 544-35-4) according to OECD guideline 471 with
the S. typhimurium strains TA 98, TA 100, TA 1535 and TA 1537 and the E.
coli strain WPA2uvr A (BASF, 2010). The bacterial tester strains were
treated with 10, 33, 100, 333, 1000, 3330 and 5000 µg/plate of the test
substance in absence and presence of metabolic activation by rat liver
S9-mix. The test substance slightly precipitates at concentrations ≥
1000 µg/plate but induces no cytotoxic or genotoxic effects at any
concentration neither in the presence nor in the absence of metabolic
activation. Based on the study results, 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid
(Z,Z)-, ethyl ester did not induce gene mutations in four tested
Salmonella and one tested E. coli strains. In vitro cytogenicity in
mammalian cells CAS 111-82-0 An in vitro mammalian chromosome
aberration test was performed with methyl laurate (CAS 111-82-0) in
primary human lymphocytes according to OECD Guideline 473 (Buskens,
2010). Duplicate cultures of human lymphocytes were evaluated for
chromosome aberrations in the presence and absence of metabolic
activation (rat liver S9-mix). In the first experiment test substance
concentrations of 33, 100 and 200 µg/mL in ethanol were used for 3 hours
of exposure with and without metabolic activation. In the second
experiment 100, 120 and 140 µg/mL were used for 24 hours exposure
followed by 24 hours expression time and 30, 120 and 140 µg/mL for 48
hours exposure following 48 hours expression time without S9. 200 µg/mL
was chosen as maximum dose due to limited solubility. Mitomycin C and
cyclophosphamide were used as positive control substances. Evaluation of
100 well-spread metaphase cells from each culture for structural
chromosomal aberrations revealed no increase in the frequency of
chromosome aberrations and polyploid cells at any dose level in
comparison to the negative controls. The test material demonstrated only
modest cytotoxicity. All vehicle (solvent) controls had frequencies of
cells with aberrations within the range expected for normal human
lymphocytes. All the positive control materials induced statistically
significant increases in the frequency of cells with aberrations
indicating the satisfactory performance of the test and of the activity
of the metabolising system.The test material did not induce a
statistically significant increase in the frequency of cells with
chromosome aberrations in either the absence or presence of a liver
enzyme metabolising system in either of two separate experiments. The
test material was therefore considered to be non-clastogenic to human
lymphocytes in vitro. A second, supporting in vitro mammalian
chromosome aberration test was performed with methyl laurate (CAS
111-82-0) in chinese hamster cells similar to OECD Guideline 473
(National Institute of Health Sciences, 2000). The test material was
evaluated for generation of chromosome aberrations in the presence and
absence of metabolic activation (rat liver S9-mix). In the first
experiment test substance concentrations of 0, 15, 30 and 60 µg/mL in
acetone were used for 24 and 48 hours of exposure without metabolic
activation. In the second experiment 0, 0.53, 1.1 and 2.1 mg/mL were
used for 6 hours exposure followed by 12 hours expression time without
metabolic activation and 0, 0.025, 0.05 and 0.1 mg/mL for 6 hours
exposure following 12 hours expression time with metabolic activation.
Mitomycin C and cyclophosphamide were used as positive control
substances. 200 cells per dose were analysed for chromosome aberrations.
All vehicle controls had frequencies of cells with aberrations within
the expected range. All the positive control materials induced
statistically significant increases in the frequency of cells with
aberrations indicating the satisfactory performance of the test and of
the activity of the metabolising system. The test material did not
induce a statistically significant increase in the frequency of cells
with chromosome aberrations in either the absence or presence of a liver
enzyme metabolising system in either of the two separate experiments.
The test material was therefore considered to be non-clastogenic to
chinese hamster cells in vitro. CAS 67762-38-3 An in vitro mammalian
chromosome aberration test was performed with Fatty acids, C16-18 and
C18-unsatd., Me esters (CAS 67762-38-3) in primary human lymphocytes
according to OECD Guideline 473 (Haddouk, 2000). Two independent
experiments (with 3 or 20 and 44 hours of exposure) were performed in
the absence and presence of S9-mix. In the first experiment test
substance concentrations of 18.96, 37.93, 75.85, 151.70, 303.41, 606.82,
1213.64 and 2427.27 µg/ml and in the second experiment concentrations of
75.85, 151.70, 303.41, 606.82, 1213.64 and 2427.27 µg/ml with and
without metabolic activation were used. The test substance did not
induce any significant increase in the frequency of cells with
chromosome aberrations in both experiments and at both harvest times,
with and without S9 mix. CAS 544-35-4 The ability of ethyl linoleate
(CAS 544-35-4) to induce chromosome aberrations in cultured peripheral
human lymphocytes was tested according to OECD guideline 473 (Verbaan,
2010) in two independent experiments. Test substance concentrations of
up to 800 µg/mL dissolved in DMSO were tested in the presence and
absence of metabolic activation. At concentrations of 333 µg/mL and
higher precipitation of test substance occurred. The number of cells
with chromosome aberrations found in the solvent control cultures was
within the laboratory historical control data range. Positive control
chemicals, mitomycin C and cyclophosphamide, both produced a
statistically significant increase in the incidence of cells with
chromosome aberrations, indicating that the test conditions were
adequate and that the metabolic activation system (S9-mix) functioned
properly. Ethyl linoleate did not induce a statistically significant or
biologically relevant increase in the number of cells with chromosome
aberrations in the absence and presence of S9-mix, in either of the two
independently repeated experiments. No effects on the number of
polyploid cells and cells with endoreduplicated chromosomes were
observed. In vitro gene mutation in mammalian cells CAS 111-82-0 An in
vitro mammalian cell gene mutation assay was performed with methyl
laurate (CAS 111-82-0) according to OECD guideline 476 in L5178Y mouse
lymphoma cells (Verspeek, 2010). In the first experiment, methyl laurate
was tested up to concentrations of 95 and 200 μg/ml in the absence and
presence of 8% (v/v) S9-mix, respectively. The incubation time was 3
hours. Methyl laurate was tested up to cytotoxic levels of 85 and 91% in
the absence and presence of S9-mix, respectively. In the second
experiment, methyl laurate was tested up to concentrations of 70 and 220
μg/ml in the absence and presence of 12% (v/v) S9-mix, respectively. The
incubation times were 24 hours and 3 hours for incubations in the
absence and presence of S9-mix, respectively. Methyl laurate was tested
up to a cytotoxic level of 90% in the absence of S9-mix and up to 88% in
the presence of S9-mix. The spontaneous mutation frequencies in the
solvent-treated control cultures were between the minimum and maximum
value of the historical control data range and within the acceptability
criteria of this assay. Mutation frequencies in cultures treated with
positive control chemicals were increased by 12- and 8.4-fold for MMS in
the absence of S9-mix, and by 17- and 15-fold for CP in the presence of
S9-mix. In the absence of S9-mix, methyl laurate did not induce a
significant increase in the mutation frequency in the first experiment.
This result was confirmed in an independent repeat experiment with
modifications in the duration of treatment time. In the presence of
S9-mix, methyl laurate did not induce a significant increase in the
mutation frequency in the first experiment. This result was confirmed in
an independent repeat experiment with modifications in the concentration
of the S9 for metabolic activation. It is concluded that methyl laurate
is not mutagenic in the mouse lymphoma L5178Y test system under the
experimental conditions described. CAS 124-10-7 The mutagenic activity
of methyl myristate (CAS 124-10-7) was evaluated in an in vitro
mammalian cell gene mutation test with mouse lymphocytes (Baxter and
Fish, 1981). After a test substance incubation time of 48 hours,
3H-thymidine were added to the cultures for 24 hours. The authors stated
that methyl tetradecanoate had no proliferative effect. However, if the
test substance was co-incubated with lectin (PHA) in mouse lymphocytes,
a comitogenic effect was observed. CAS 544-35-4 The mutagenic activity
of ethyl linoleate (CAS 544-35-4) was evaluated in an in vitro mammalian
cell gene mutation test according to OECD guideline 476 with L5178Y
mouse lymphoma cells (Verspeek-Rip, 2010). Two independent experiments
(with 3 or 24 hours of exposure) were performed in the absence and
presence of S9-mix with test substance concentrations up to 300 μg/mL
dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide. At this dose level cytotoxicity
occurred in the presence and absence of metabolic activation. No
significant increase in mutation frequency occurred in any of the test
conditions, indicating that ethyl linoleate is not mutagenic in the
mammalian cells in vitro. In summary, based on a weight of evidence
approach, all reliable studies consistently showed no treatment-related
effects on genetic toxicity. Conclusions: In summary, several studies
investigating the genetic mutation in bacteria in-vitro are available
within the SCAE Me category, all providing negative results.
Furthermore, no cytogenicity in mammalian cells in-vitro, no
mutagenicity in mammalian cells in-vitro and no genetic toxicity in-vivo
was observed with structurally related fatty acid short-chain alcohol
esters. All available data investigating the genetic toxicity indicate
that members of the category Fatty acid methyl esters have no genotoxic
potential and classification according to EU classification criteria for
genetic toxicity is not required. A detailed reference list is provided
in the technical dossier (see IUCLID, section 13) and within CSR.
Short description of key information:
In neither of the available studies on substances of the SCAE Me
category were any mutagenic or clastogenic effects in bacteria or
mammalian cells observed.
Endpoint Conclusion: No adverse effect observed (negative)
Justification for classification or non-classification
According to Article 13 of Regulation (EC) No. 1907/2006 "General Requirements for Generation of Information on Intrinsic Properties of substances", information on intrinsic properties of substances may be generated by means other than tests e.g. from information from structurally related substances (grouping or read-across), provided that conditions set out in Annex XI are met. Annex XI, "General rules for adaptation of this standard testing regime set out in Annexes VII to X” states that “substances whose physicochemical, toxicological and ecotoxicological properties are likely to be similar or follow a regular pattern as a result of structural similarity may be considered as a group, or ‘category’ of substances. This avoids the need to test every substance for every endpoint". Since the group concept is applied to the members of the SCAE Me category, data will be generated from data for reference source substance(s) to avoid unnecessary animal testing. Additionally, once the group concept is applied, substances will be classified and labelled on this basis.
Therefore, based on the group concept, the available data on genetic toxicity do not meet the classification criteria according to Regulation (EC) 1272/2008 or Directive 67/548/EEC, and are therefore conclusive but not sufficient for classification.
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
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