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EC number: 221-742-3 | CAS number: 3218-36-8
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Biodegradation in water: screening tests
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- biodegradation in water: ready biodegradability
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 1998-12-08 to 1999-02-10
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- EPA OPPTS 835.3110 (Ready Biodegradability)
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- EU Method C.4-C (Determination of the "Ready" Biodegradability - Carbon Dioxide Evolution Test)
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 301 B (Ready Biodegradability: CO2 Evolution Test)
- Version / remarks:
- 1992
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- yes (incl. QA statement)
- Oxygen conditions:
- aerobic
- Inoculum or test system:
- activated sludge, domestic, non-adapted
- Details on inoculum:
- - Source of inoculum/activated sludge: Severn Trent Water Pic sewage treatment plant at Belper, Derbyshire, UK
- Pretreatment: The sample of activated sewage sludge was maintained on continuous aeration upon receipt. A sample of the activated sewage sludge was washed three times by settlement and resuspension in culture medium to remove any excessive amounts of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) that may have been present. A sub-sample of the washed sewage sludge was then removed and the suspended solids concentration determined. - Duration of test (contact time):
- 28 d
- Initial conc.:
- 10 mg/L
- Based on:
- ThCO2
- Parameter followed for biodegradation estimation:
- CO2 evolution
- Details on study design:
- TEST CONDITIONS
- Composition of medium: Prepared acoording to OECD guideline
- Test temperature: 21 °C
- Continuous darkness: yes
TEST SYSTEM
- Culturing apparatus: 5 L glass culture vessels
- Number of bottles containing the test item and inoculum: 2
- Number of bottles containing procedure control: 1
- Number of bottles containing inoculum control: 2
- Number of bottles containing toxicity control: 1
- Number of bottles containing abiotic control: 1
- Measuring equipment: Ionics 1555B TOC analyser
- Test performed in closed: yes
SAMPLING
- Sampling frequency:
The samples taken on days 0, 1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 10, 14, 16, 22, 27, 28 and 29 were analysed for CO2 immediately. The samples taken on days 12, 18, 20 and 24 were stored deep frozen at -20 °C. However, these samples were not analysed for CO2 as the results obtained from previous and subsequent analyses showed that degradation of the test material had met the 10 day window validation criterion given in the OECD Guidelines and therefore additional analyses were considered to be unnecessary.
CONTROL AND BLANK SYSTEM
- Inoculum blank: yes
- Abiotic sterile control: yes
- Toxicity control: yes
- Test suspension: yes - Reference substance:
- benzoic acid, sodium salt
- Test performance:
- The following test solutions were prepared and inoculated in 5 litre glass culture vessels each containing 3 litres of solution:
a) A control, in duplicate, consisting of inoculated culture medium.
b) The standard material (sodium benzoate), in duplicate, in inoculated culture medium to give a final test concentration of 10 mg carbon/L.
c) The test material, in duplicate, in inoculated culture medium to give a final test concentration of 10 mg carbon/L.
d) The test material plus the standard material in inoculated culture medium to give a final concentration of 20 mg carbon/L to act as toxicity control (one vessel only).
Each test vessel was inoculated with the prepared inocurum at a final concentration of 30 mg suspended solids (ss)/L. The study was carried out in a temperature controlled room at 21 °C, in darkness.
Approximately 24 hours prior to addition of the test and standard materials the vessels were filled with 2400 mL of culture medium and 30 mL of inoculum and aerated overnight. On day 0 the test and standard materials were added and the volume in all the vessels adjusted to 3 litres by the addition of culture medium.
The culture vessels were sealed and CO2-free air bubbled through the solution at a rate of approximately 40 mL/minute and stirred continuously by magnetic stirrer.
The CO2-free air was produced by passing compressed air through a glass column containing self-indicating (Carbosorb®) granules.
The CO2 produced by degradation was collected in two 500 mL Dreschel bottles containing 350 mL of 0.05 M NaOH. The CO2 absorbing solutions were prepared using purified de-gassed water. - Key result
- Parameter:
- % degradation (CO2 evolution)
- Value:
- 61
- Sampling time:
- 28 d
- Details on results:
- The test material attained 61 % degradation after 28 days and satisfied the 10-day window validation criterion.
- Results with reference substance:
- Sodium benzoate attained 85 % degradation after 28 days thereby confirming the suitability of the inoculum and test conditions. The increase in inorganic carbon in the first absorber vessels on day 29 resulted in an increase in the percentage degradation value for the standard material from 85 % on day 28 to 89 % on day 29.
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Interpretation of results:
- readily biodegradable
- Conclusions:
- The test material attained 61 % degradation after 28 days and satisfied the 10-day window validation criterion. The test material can therefore be considered to be readily biodegradable under the strict terms and conditions of OECD Guideline No 301B.
- Executive summary:
A study was performed to assess the ready biodegradability of the test material in an aerobic aqueous media. The method followed that described in the OECD Guidelines 301B, Method C.4-C and US EPA Ecological Effects Test Guidelines OPPTS 835.3110 Paragraph (M).
The test material was exposed to activated sewage sludge micro-organisms at a concentration of 10 mg C/L with culture medium in sealed culture vessels in the dark at 21 °C for 28 days. The degradation of the test material was assessed by the determination of carbon dioxide produced. Control solutions with inoculum and the standard material, sodium benzoate, together with a toxicity control were used for validation purposes.
The total CO2 evolution in the control vessels on day 28 was 29 mg/L(≡ 87 mg/3L) and therefore satisfied the validation criterion given in the OECD Guidelines.
The results of the inorganic carbon analysis of samples from the first absorber vessels on day 29 showed an increase in all replicate vessels. These increases are considered to be due to CO2 present in solution being driven off by the addition of hydrochloric acid on day 28 and resulted in an increase in the percentage degradation value for the test material from 61 % on day 28 to 64 % on day 29.
Inorganic carbon analysis of the samples from the second absorber vessels on day 29 confirmed that no significant carry-over of CO2 into the second absorber vessels occurred.
The TC/IC ratio of the test material dispersions was in excess of the recommended level of 5 % given in the Test Guidelines. This is considered to be due to the low TC concentration in the test medium and hence the IC contribution is relatively large. This is not considered to affect the integrity of the study or the results obtained given that the CO2 evolution in the control vessels satisfied the validation criteria.
The toxicity control attained 72 % degradation after 28 days thereby confirming that the test material was not toxic to the sewage treatment micro-organisms used in the study. The increase in inorganic carbon in the first absorber vessels on day 29 resulted in an increase in the percentage degradation value for the toxicity control from 72 % on day 28 to 75 % on day 29.
Sodium benzoate attained 85 % degradation after 28 days thereby confirming the suitability of the inoculum and test conditions. The increase in inorganic carbon in the first absorber vessels on day 29 resulted in an increase in the percentage degradation value for the standard material from 85 % on day 28 to 89 % on day 29.
The test material attained 61 % degradation after 28 days and satisfied the 10-day window validation criterion. The test material can therefore be considered to be readily biodegradable under the strict terms and conditions of OECD Guideline No 301B.
Reference
Table 1: Percentage Biodegradation Values
Day |
% Degradation Sodium Benzoate |
% Degradation p-phenylbenzaldehyde |
% Degradation p-phenylbenzaldehyde plus sodium benzoate Toxicity control |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
21 |
3 |
11 |
2 |
38 |
2 |
18 |
3 |
39 |
2 |
29 |
6 |
66 |
1 |
45 |
8 |
80 |
38 |
65 |
10 |
79 |
43 |
70 |
14 |
81 |
50 |
72 |
16 |
81 |
61 |
75 |
22 |
84 |
58 |
70 |
27 |
82 |
61 |
73 |
28 |
85 |
61 |
72 |
29* |
89 |
64 |
75 |
*Day 29 values corrected to include any carry-over of CO2 detected in absorber 2
Table 2: Total and inorganic Carbon Values in the Culture Vessels on Day 0
Test Vessel |
Total Carbon (mg/L) |
Inorganic Carbon (mg/L) |
% Inorganic Carbon |
Sodium benzoate 10 mg C/L R1 |
14.04 |
2.39 |
17 |
Sodium benzoate 10 mg C/L R2 |
13.25 |
2.42 |
18 |
p-phenylbenzaldehyde 10 mg C/L R1 |
13.11 |
1.72 |
13 |
p-phenylbenzaldehyde 10 mg C/L R2 |
13.23 |
1.95 |
15 |
p-phenylbenzaldehyde plus Sodium benzoate Toxicity Control 10 mg C/L R1 |
23.13 |
1.43 |
6 |
R1 – R2 – Replicates
Description of key information
The test material attained 61 % degradation after 28 days and satisfied the 10-day window validation criterion. The test material can therefore be considered to be readily biodegradable under the strict terms and conditions of OECD Guideline No 301B
Key value for chemical safety assessment
- Biodegradation in water:
- readily biodegradable
- Type of water:
- freshwater
Additional information
The biodegradation of the test item was examined via Oxygen demand (OD) and the test item was found to be not readily biodegradable with a biodegradation rate of 6.7 % (via OD). This study is disregarded because it was not performed according to guideline and GLP.
OECD 301B
A study was performed to assess the ready biodegradability of the test material in an aerobic aqueous media. The method followed that described in the OECD Guidelines 301B, Method C.4-C and US EPA Ecological Effects Test Guidelines OPPTS 835.3110 Paragraph (M).
The test material was exposed to activated sewage sludge micro-organisms at a concentration of 10 mg C/L with culture medium in sealed culture vessels in the dark at 21 °C for 28 days. The degradation of the test material was assessed by the determination of carbon dioxide produced. Control solutions with inoculum and the standard material, sodium benzoate, together with a toxicity control were used for validation purposes.
The test material attained 61 % degradation after 28 days and satisfied the 10-day window validation criterion. The test material can therefore be considered to be readily biodegradable under the strict terms and conditions of OECD Guideline No 301B.
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