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Diss Factsheets
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EC number: 233-038-3 | CAS number: 10025-73-7
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Basic toxicokinetics
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- basic toxicokinetics
- Type of information:
- migrated information: read-across based on grouping of substances (category approach)
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Study period:
- Variable
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: A review of proprietary studies reported in summary form.
Cross-reference
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to other study
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- review article or handbook
- Title:
- Health Risk Assessment Report for Metallic Chromium and Trivalent Chromium
- Author:
- International Chromium Development Association
- Year:
- 2 006
Materials and methods
- Objective of study:
- toxicokinetics
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- no guideline followed
- Deviations:
- not applicable
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Various protocols, dose levels and routes of administration were used in the studies reviewed.
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Remarks:
- : published studies assumed not to be GLP-compliant
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Chromium hydroxide sulphate
- EC Number:
- 235-595-8
- EC Name:
- Chromium hydroxide sulphate
- Cas Number:
- 12336-95-7
- Reference substance name:
- Chromium (III) compounds
- IUPAC Name:
- Chromium (III) compounds
- Test material form:
- other: various
- Details on test material:
- Various water-soluble chromium (III) compounds were used as the test material.
Constituent 1
Constituent 2
- Radiolabelling:
- other: in some studies
Test animals
- Species:
- other: various
- Strain:
- other: various
- Sex:
- male/female
Administration / exposure
- Route of administration:
- other: various routes of administration were used in the studies reviewed.
- Vehicle:
- not specified
- Duration and frequency of treatment / exposure:
- Various treatment protocols were used
Doses / concentrations
- Remarks:
- Doses / Concentrations:
Various dose levels were used in the studies reviewed.
- Control animals:
- no
Results and discussion
Toxicokinetic / pharmacokinetic studies
- Details on absorption:
- See details below
- Details on distribution in tissues:
- See details below
- Details on excretion:
- See details below
Metabolite characterisation studies
- Metabolites identified:
- no
- Details on metabolites:
- Cr (III) is not metabolised. The data indicate that there is no conversion to other forms of Cr in the body.
Any other information on results incl. tables
Absorption
Oral studies conducted in male and female rats using radiolabeled water-soluble chromium (III) showed that the bioavailability of chromium chloride over a wide dose range was low (about 1%). Intestinal absorption of water-soluble chromium (III) chloride given orally to volunteers was low ranging from non-detectable to about 4%. It should be noted that occupational exposure to airborne dusts/aerosols of chromium (III) compounds is variably transformed to oral intake due to muciliary clearance of the substance from the respiratory system. No increases in chromium levels were detected in blood and urine samples taken over a 24 hour period after a male research volunteer held his hand in a tanning solution containing 7 g/L chromium as basic chromium sulphate for one hour. Rats were exposed to aerosols of the water soluble chromium (III) compound, chromium chloride hexahydrate, for 2 hours at 10.7 mg/m3 or for 6 hours at 8 mg/m3. Chromium concentrations in the lungs and other tissues were highest at 0.5 h post exposure. This indicates that a fraction of the deposited chromium had been absorbed rapidly, and the remaining lung chromium was cleared more slowly.
Distribution
Retention of radiolabeled chromium chloride was less than 1% of the dose two days after oral administration to male and female rats and 0.3% on day 20.
Tanners on retirement (exposure was mainly to basic chromium sulphate) for at least 15 months exhibited normal chromium levels in serum, urine and hair, demonstrating that markedly increased long-term body burdens of chromium had not developed.
In rats exposed to aerosols of chromium chloride hexahydrate, lung chromium concentrations at 0.5 hours post exposure were nearly proportional to the product of exposure concentration and time. Radiolabelled chromium chloride in different tissues was measured 24-h after intratracheal instillation in rats. About 5% of the dose was recovered in lung lavage, 23% was still contained in the lungs and trachea. The highest tissue levels were found in the kidney, femur, large intestine and blood.
Excretion
After the first 6 days, the elimination of radiolabeled chromium chloride in the rat followed a half-time of about 92 days. Over 20 post-administration days, 99% of the oral dose was excreted in faeces and 0.8% in the urine. Regarding exposures to soluble basic chromium sulphate among tanners, chromium in serum decreased by more than 50% over 9 months post exposure and, in another study with a follow-up of 40 days, chromium decreased in urine with an apparant half-time of about one month. Concentrations of chromium chloride hexahydrate in rats exposed to water soluble chromium (III) aerosols declined monoexponentially with an elimination half-time of 6.8 days.
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- Interpretation of results (migrated information): low bioaccumulation potential based on study results
This review supports the conclusion that trivalent chromium compounds have low systemic availability by all routes of exposure. - Executive summary:
Absorption is plausible for a water soluble compound even if the ability of chromium (III) to penetrate biological membranes is limited because chromium (III) is known to form complexes with biological ligands which enhance penetration. Chromium (III) is absorbed from the normal diet in very low amounts, about 5 - 10% of inhaled water-soluble chromium (III) aerosols were taken up by circulating blood within hours to one day, and water-soluble (III) compounds are able to cross the skin penetration barrier and enter the epidermis.
A significant fraction of chromium appears to be absorbed into the blood and then distributed widely to parenchymal organs. Inhalation and intratracheal studies show that chromium (III) chloride is retained in the lung in proportion to the dose and is cleared realtively slowly from this organ.
Chromium (III) is mainly excreted in the faeces and urine. The delayed elimination seen in studies with water-soluble chromium (III) is consistent with intracellular binding.
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