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EC number: 234-217-9 | CAS number: 10599-90-3
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Immunotoxicity
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- immunotoxicity: sub-chronic oral
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment.
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Immunotoxicologic evaluation of chlorine-based drinking water disinfectants, sodium hypochlorite and monochloramine
- Author:
- Jerry H. Exon, Loren D. Koller, Connie A. O'Reilly and Peter Bercz
- Year:
- 1 987
- Bibliographic source:
- Toxicology, 44, 257-269.
Materials and methods
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- no guideline followed
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Male sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to tested substance in the drinking water from weaning to 12 weeks of age. Spleen and thymus weights, antibody production, delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions, natural killer cell (NKC) cytotoxicity, oxidative metabolism response (i.e. chemiluminescence - CL) , phagocytosis by macrophages, production of 2 immunoregulatory cytokines, interleukin 2 (IL2) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were measured.
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Limit test:
- no
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Chloramide
- EC Number:
- 234-217-9
- EC Name:
- Chloramide
- Cas Number:
- 10599-90-3
- Molecular formula:
- ClH2N
- IUPAC Name:
- chloranamine
- Test material form:
- other: in solution
- Details on test material:
- - Name of test material (as cited in study report): Monochloramine
Constituent 1
Test animals
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- Sprague-Dawley
- Sex:
- male
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Washington State University, Laboratory Animal Resources.
- Age at study initiation: 3 weeks
- Weight at study initiation: no data
- Fasting period before study: no
- Housing: 4/cage
- Diet : ad libitum
- Water : ad libitum
- Acclimation period:
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°C): no data but in controlled condition
- Humidity (%): no data but in controlled condition
- Air changes (per hr): no data but in controlled condition
- Photoperiod: 12 hrs dark / 12 hrs light
Administration / exposure
- Route of administration:
- oral: drinking water
- Details on exposure:
- PREPARATION OF DOSING SOLUTIONS:
Monochloramine was prepared under conditions of alkaline pH (>8.0) by adding 0.01 M sodium hypochlorite to 0.1 M ammonium chloride mixed in 0.01 M sodium hydroxide-sodium chloride. The final monochloramine solution was diluted in deionized water to concentratios of 9, 19 or 38 ppm. - Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- not specified
- Details on analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- No data
- Duration of treatment / exposure:
- 9 weeks (from 3 to 12 weeks of age)
- Frequency of treatment:
- daily (via drinking water)
Doses / concentrations
- Remarks:
- Doses / Concentrations:
9, 19, 38 ppm
Basis:
nominal in water
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 12 males
- Control animals:
- yes
Examinations
- Observations and clinical examinations performed and frequency:
- No observations and clinical examinations were performed during the time course of the study.
- Sacrifice and pathology:
- No necropsies were performed.
- Cell viabilities:
- Not performed.
- Humoral immunity examinations:
- - Method: Antibody to KLH was elicited by injecting 1 mg KLH/rat 0 and 8 days prior to termination and analized by an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
- Dose groups: 9, 19, and 38 ppm
- No. of animals: 12 - Specific cell-mediated immunity:
- DELAYED-TYPE HYPERSENSITIVITY (DTH) REACTION: Yes
- Method: The DTH reaction wes elicited by sensitizing s.c. with 100 µg of bovine serum albumin (BSA), followed 7 days later by challenge in the right footpad with heat-aggregated BSA and sham-injection in the left footpad with saline.
- Dose groups: 9, 19, 38 ppm
- No. of animals: 12 - Non-specific cell-mediated immunity:
- not performed
- Other functional activity assays:
- IL-2 synthesis by adherent resident peritoneal cells (ARPC)
- method: The synthesis of IL-2 was measured by a double antibody radioimmunoassay in supernatants of ARPC stimulated with LPS for 18h.
- Dose groups: 9, 19, 38 ppm
- No. of animals: 12
Chemiluminescence (oxidative metabolism) by adherent resident peritoneal cells:
- method: Chemiluminescent was assessed by activating peritoneal macrophage with phorbal-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) in the presence of lumisol and quantitating light emission as CPM on a scintillation counter at various times.
- Dose groups: 9, 19, 38 ppm
- No. of animals: 12 - Positive control:
- No
- Statistics:
- The data was analyzed by computerized statstical techniques developed by Statistical Analysis Systems (SAS). Statistical analysis was by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and least squares mean comparisons to control values.
Results and discussion
Results of examinations
- Clinical signs:
- not examined
- Mortality:
- not examined
- Body weight and weight changes:
- no effects observed
- Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):
- not examined
- Food efficiency:
- not examined
- Water consumption and compound intake (if drinking water study):
- not examined
- Ophthalmological findings:
- not examined
- Haematological findings:
- not examined
- Clinical biochemistry findings:
- not examined
- Urinalysis findings:
- not examined
- Gross pathological findings:
- not examined
- Details on results:
- A dose-dependent decrease in raw or adjusted spleen weight compared to controls was observed in rats treated with monochloramine. Reduced spleen weights were significantly different from controls in the 38 ppm monochloramine-treated group. antibody synthesis was significantly (p<= 0.05) suppressed in rats which were treated with 9 or 19 ppm monochloramine. This effect on antibody production was inverse to the exposure level of monochloramine. The PGE2 levels produced by macrophages of rats exposed to 19 or 38 ppm monochloramine was significantly (p<= 0.05) greater than controls and directly related to dose. No significant effects on body weights, DTH reactions, NKC cytotoxicity, IL2 synthesis, macrophage CL or phagocytosis were apparent following monochloramine treatment.
Specific immunotoxic examinations
- Cell viabilities:
- not examined
- Humoral immunity examinations:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Specific cell-mediated immunity:
- no effects observed
- Non-specific cell-mediated immunity:
- not examined
- Other functional activity assays:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- see field "details on results" for more details
- Other findings:
- not examined
Effect levels
- Dose descriptor:
- other: Immunotoxicity
- Basis for effect level:
- other: see 'Remark'
- Remarks on result:
- not measured/tested
- Remarks:
- Effect level not specified (migrated information)
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- Under the conditions of this study, rats exposed to the higher doses of monochloramine had reduced spleen weights (38 ppm), decreased antibody synthesis (9 and 19 ppm) and augmented PGE2 production (19 and 38 ppm). Then, monochloramine is not particularly strong immunodepressant.
- Executive summary:
In the present study, the immunotoxic effects of subchronic exposure of rats to drinking water treated with monochloramine were determined. A comprehensive battery of immunoassays were used to assess immune competence of each animal by examining alterations of major populations of cells which mediate immune responses (i.e. B and T lymphocytes, natural killer cells and macrophages), major types of immune responses (i.e. humoral, T cell-mediated, macrophage-mediated and natural killer cell-mediated) and production of potent immune regulating cytokines (i.e. lymphocyte-derived interleukin 2 and macrophage-derived PGE2). The immunoassays used were antibody production to a T-dependent antigen; delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction; phagocytosis, oxidative metabolism and prostaglandin (PGE2) production by macrophages; natural killer cell (NKC) cytotoxicity reaction; and production of T cell-derived interleukin 2 (IL2). A dose-dependent decrease in spleen weight compared to controls was observed in rats treated with monochloramine. Reduced spleen weights were significantly different from controls in the 38 ppm monochloramine-treated group. Antibody synthesis was significantly suppressed in rats which were treated with 9 or 19 ppm monochloramine. This effect on antibody production was inverse to the exposure level of monochloramine. The PGE2 levels produced by macrophages of rats exposed to 19 or 38 ppm monochloramine was significantly greater than controls and directly related to dose. Nevertheless, these changes were not considered to be biologically significant. No significant effects on body weights, DTH reactions, NKC cytotoxicity, IL2 synthesis, macrophage CL or phagocytosis were apparent following monochloramine treatment.
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