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EC number: 305-998-4 | CAS number: 95465-85-3
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Endpoint summary
Administrative data
Description of key information
Additional information
- The solubility of BaSO4 is 3 mg/L;
- Concentration of sulfate,e.g., in the algal test medium, is relevant for ambient SO4-concentrations in EU-surface waters; typical (50P) country-specific values for this anionic compound in EU-surface waters range between 3.20 and 61.6 mg SO4/L. Taking the 10th percentile into account, SO4-levels are situated between 1.97 and 34.3 mg/L.
Acute toxicity data
Table below gives an overview of reliable toxicity data that were identified for barium.
Table 1: Overview of reliable acute toxicity data for barium for hazard assessment purposes
Species | Parameter | Endpoint | Value (mg Ba/L) | Reference | ||
Acute fish data | ||||||
Danio rerio | mortality | 96h-LC50 | >97.5 12.92 (diss.) |
Egeler and Kiefer, 2010 | ||
Acute invertebrate data | ||||||
Daphnia magna |
mortality/immobility |
48h-LC50 |
14.5 |
Biesinger and Christensen, 1972 |
||
Algal data |
||||||
Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata |
growth rate |
72h-ErC50 |
>34.3 1.92 (diss.) |
Egeler and Kiefer, 2010 |
Reliable acute data were available for three trophic levels: algae, invertebrates, fish. The lowest effect value (based on total Ba in the test medium) was a 48h-EC50 of 14.5 mg/L.
It should be noted that the outcome of the fish and algal test – when expressed as truly dissolved Ba – resulted in effect levels > 1.92 mg/L (highest measured value), whereas these levels are approximately a factor of 30 higher when expressed as total added Ba (nominal value; to be confirmed by measuring total Ba fraction).
The explanation for these low Ba-levels is most likely related to the formation of BaSO4:
These data indicate that, when soluble Ba-compounds are brought into the environment or environmental relevant test media, the formation of BaSO4 is inevitable and is a fundamental fraction of the relevant speciation of Ba in the aqueous environment. Therefore, the potential toxicity of this speciation form or the physiological effects that are association with this physicochemical process (e.g., precipitation onto respiratory organs or on cell wall) should be taken into account.
In that respect, the to Ba-concentrations are more relevant for the evaluation of Ba-toxicity as they include all speciation forms that will be present under natural conditions.
Chronic toxicity data
Since no large dataset from long-term tests for different taxonomic groups is available, no Species Sensitivity Distribution (SSD) can be developed and statistical extrapolation methods can thus not be used to derive the PNECaquatic. Instead, The PNECaquatic calculation will be conducted using assessment factors method. An overview of the chronic data that can be used for PNEC-derivation is given in Table 2 below. All toxicity tests were performed using barium chloride dihydrated as test substance.
Table 2: Overview of most sensitive species-specific LC50/NOEC-values for barium in the freshwater environment
Species | Parameter | Endpoint | Value (mg Ba/L) | Reference |
Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata | growth rate | 72h-NOEC | >= 34.3 | Egeler and Kiefer, 2010 |
Daphnia magna | mortality | 21d-NOEC | 2.9 |
Biesinger and Christensen (1972) |
Only one K2 study is available for chronic toxicity to invertebrates (Biesinger and Christensen, 1972) and one K1 study for chronic toxicity to algae (ECT Oekotoxikologie GmbH ,2010). No reliable studies are available for chronic toxicity to fish or higher plants.
One additional reliable endpoint has been identified for the marine organism Cancer anthonyi, for which a nominal 7d-NOEC of 10 mg/L has been reported (endpoint: embryonal hatching).
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