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EC number: 939-689-6 | CAS number: -
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Toxicity to reproduction: other studies
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to reproduction: other studies
- Type of information:
- migrated information: read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Accepted, well-documented publication which meets basic scientific principles
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Unnamed
- Year:
- 1 978
Materials and methods
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- no guideline followed
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Pregnant rats were fed for 15 days predelivery until 15 days postpartum a choline (Ch)-deficient diet (CD diet) or a CD diet supplemented with 0.8% Ch-CI (CS) or 1% N-methylaminoethanol (MME). Brain of rats was examined histologically and cytologically. Levels of choline and acetylcholine (ACh) and total phospholipids were measured in the brain of pups.
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Type of method:
- in vivo
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- 2-methylaminoethanol
- EC Number:
- 203-710-0
- EC Name:
- 2-methylaminoethanol
- Cas Number:
- 109-83-1
- IUPAC Name:
- 2-(methylamino)ethanol
- Details on test material:
- no data
Constituent 1
Test animals
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- Sprague-Dawley
- Sex:
- female
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- Female rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain at 3rd day of pregnancy were obtained from Zivic- Miller Laboratories (Allison Park, PA.). The animals were placed in plastic cages, one per cage, and housed in an animal room with controlled temperature and humidity.
Administration / exposure
- Route of administration:
- oral: feed
- Vehicle:
- unchanged (no vehicle)
- Details on exposure:
- Starting at the 6th day of pregnancy, the rats were randomly divided into four separate groups and were fed one of the following diets: (a) CD diet; (b) CD diet supplemented with 1.0% MME (MME diet); (c) CD diet supplemented with 1.0% DME (DME diet); and (d) CD diet supplemented
with an adequate (0.8%) level of ChCI. In other experiments, as specified in the text, an additional group of pregnant rats was fed laboratory chow (Purina, Ralston Purina Co., St. Louis, MO). - Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- not specified
- Duration of treatment / exposure:
- 15 days predelivery until 15 days postpartum
- Frequency of treatment:
- in diet (assessed by measurement of food consumption per day)
- Duration of test:
- not applicable
Doses / concentrations
- Remarks:
- Doses / Concentrations:
1%
Basis:
nominal in diet
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- no data
- Control animals:
- yes, plain diet
- Details on study design:
- Food consumption was measured daily,
and body weight twice a week. After parturition, the
number of pups in each litter, their body weights and behavior
were recorded. Pups used for neurochemical and
morphologic studies were killed within 24 h after birth.
Dams were fed the diets for an additional 15 days after
parturition at which time they were killed. For determination
of survival rates, pups were left to be nursed by the
respective dams for up to 15 days. - Statistics:
- An analysis of variance was applied to the
experimental data. If the overall difference among the
groups was found to be significant (P < 0.05), differences
between the means were then checked with Student t-test
and regarded to be significant if P < 0.05. CD treated animals
served as controls for the other groups.
Results and discussion
Effect levels
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Basis for effect level:
- other: All the pups delivered by the dams fed the LC, CD and CS diets survived for more than 15 days. In contrast, only 18 out of 253, and none out of 120, survived for more than 36 h in the groups of pups delivered by mothers fed the DME and MME diets, resp.
- Remarks on result:
- not determinable
- Remarks:
- no NOAEL identified
Observed effects
Any other information on results incl. tables
The daily food intake and body weight gainof the pregnant rats fed the various diets, and the rate of survival of newborn pups are shown in Table 1. The amount of food ingested by the CD, CS and DME groups of dams was the same, while the intake of the MME group was only about 40% of that of the others. The daily gain in body weight of the dams reflected this intake of the diets. Gestation proceeded normally in all the pregnant rats. Litters of approximately equal size (average of 12) were delivered by the dams, but the average body weight of the pups born of the MME group of dams was significantly lower than that of the other litters. It is worth noting that the gain in body weight of dams fed the CD, CS and DME diets, as well as the body weight of their respective pups, were comparable to those of dams, and their pups, fed laboratory chow (LC). It is apparent, therefore, that the synthetic diets are fairly adequate even though they lack Ch, and contain only marginal amounts of methionine. All the pups delivered by the dams fed the LC, CD and CS diets survived for more than I5 days.In contrast, only 18 out of 253, and none out of 120, survived for more than 36 h in the groups of pups delivered by mothers fed the DME and MME diets, respectively.
Histopathology
No significant histological or cytological abnormalities were seen in the brains of pups born of dams fed the various diets. Heavy deposits of glycogen were seen in the livers of pups born of dams fed the CS diet. In the liver of pups born of dams fed the MME and DME diet, glycogen and fatty infiltrations of moderate degrees were present.
Brain and liver weight
As seen in Table 2, apart from the MME pups, the weights of liver and brain in all the other dietary categories of pups were quite similar within one representative experimental group of animals.
Brain and liver DME, Ch and ACh
As shown in Fig. 1 (attached document), day-old MME- and DMEexposed pups had measurable amounts of DME in their brains (11.7±1.8 and 72.7±12.7nmol/g, respectively), while DME was not detectable in the brains of pups born of dams fed the CD and CS diets. The brain level of Ch was elevated 43% in the MME-exposed and 53% in the DME-exposed pups when compared with that in pups born of dams fed the CD diet. Levels of ACh in the brain were also increased by 27% in the MME-exposed pups, and by 36% in the DME-exposed pups. Concentrations of Ch and ACh in the brains of the day-old pups born of dams fed the CS diet, while elevated, did not differ significantly from those of the pups in the CD group of dams (t = 1.4839, df = 10, P > 0.2) but Ch levels were significantly lower than those of pups in the MME and DME exposed groups of pups.
Figure 2 shows the concentrations of DME, Ch and ACh in the livers of the pups. From a comparison of Figs. 1 and 2, it is apparent that the four diets led to liver profiles of DME, Ch, and ACh qualitatively similar to those in the brain. However, there was one quantitative difference. In the pups of the CS group of dams, the liver content of Ch was significantly higher than that in the pups of the CD group, whereas the brain Ch content was not.
The concentrations of DME, Ch and ACh, which were measured separately in the cortex and striatum of the dams, are shown in Table 3. As was the case with the pups, DME was present in the brain tissues of both the MME and DME groups of dams but not in the CD or CS groups. The concentration of DME in the brain areas of the DME-treated dams was, however, approx 30-fold higher than that of the MME-treated dams. Unlike the whole brain Ch levels in the pups, the Ch content in both brain areas of the CS and MME groups of dams was not different from that of the CD group. The Ch concentration in the DME-treated dams brain areas could not accurately be determined because of methodologic complications in measuring Ch content in the presence of tissue concentrations of DME 10-fold greater than those of Ch (for discussion see Zahniser et al., 19776). Also, in contrast with the results of the pup brain ACh determinations, the cortical and striatal levels of ACh in the CS, MME and DME groups of dams were similar when compared with those of the CD group.
Brain phospholipids
Table 4 shows that there was no striking difference between the various groups of pups in either the concentration or the content of brain total phospholipids. The concentration of total phospholipid in brains of the CS group of pups was significantly lower (P<0.05) than that in the CD pups, but this difference amounted to only 11%. Significant differences did, however, exist in the relative content of the individual phospholipids. The contents of sphingomyelin and phosphatidic acids in pups of dams fed the CD diet were lower than those in pups born of mothers fed the other diets.In pups of mothers fed the MME or DME diets, the contents of phosphatidyl-Ch and phosphatidylaminoethanol (PAE) were markedly lower than those in pups delivered by dams fed either the CD or CS diets.Large amounts of PMME and PDME were present in the brain phospholipids of the MME-exposed pups and PDME in the DME-exposed pups. Other phospholipids examined were equally distributed in the various groups of pups.
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- The inclusion of 1% MME or DME in the CD diet of dams limits the survival of pups after birth, most likely by interfering with the development
or maturation of one or more vital systems of the fetuses. - Executive summary:
" Pregnant rats were fed for 15 days predelivery until 15 days postpartum a choline (Ch)-deficient diet (CD diet) or a CD diet supplemented with 0.8% Ch-CI (CS), 1% N-methylaminoethanol (MME) or I % N,N-dimethylaminoethanol (DME). Gestation and parturition of the pregnant rats proceeded normally. However, all the pups born of dams fed the MME diet, and most of those born of dams fed the DME diet, died within 36 h of birth. No histological or cytological alterations were detected in the brain of the pups. Levels of Ch and acetylcholine (ACh) were elevated in the brain of pups born of dams fed the MME and DME diets, but not the CS diet. The content of total phospholipids in the brain of the pups was not altered by the diet fed to the dams. However, the phosphatidyl-Ch and phosphatidylaminoethanol (PAE) contents in the brain of the MME- and DMEexposed pups were markedly reduced. At the same time, significant amounts of DME, phosphatidyl-Nmonomethylaminoethanol (PMME) and of phosphatidyl-N,N-dimethylaminoethanol( PDME) were present in the same brain areas."
"It has been concluded that, in the presence of a dietary deficiency of Ch, MME increases the demand for methyl groups and is thus more toxic than DME which is already two-thirds methylated. Our observations (Table 1) support this conclusion in as much as supplementation of the CD diet with 1% MME, but not with 1% DME, appears to compromise the growth of the dams as well, and indicates that availability of methyl groups may be the critical factor."
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