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EC number: 284-515-8 | CAS number: 84929-31-7 Extractives and their physically modified derivatives such as tinctures, concretes, absolutes, essential oils, oleoresins, terpenes, terpene-free fractions, distillates, residues, etc., obtained from Citrus limonum, Rutaceae.
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Ecotoxicological Summary
Administrative data
Hazard for aquatic organisms
Freshwater
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- PNEC aqua (freshwater)
- PNEC value:
- 5.4 µg/L
- Assessment factor:
- 50
- Extrapolation method:
- assessment factor
- PNEC freshwater (intermittent releases):
- 5.77 µg/L
Marine water
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- PNEC aqua (marine water)
- PNEC value:
- 0.54 µg/L
- Assessment factor:
- 500
- Extrapolation method:
- assessment factor
STP
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- PNEC STP
- PNEC value:
- 2.1 mg/L
- Assessment factor:
- 10
- Extrapolation method:
- assessment factor
Sediment (freshwater)
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- PNEC sediment (freshwater)
- PNEC value:
- 1.3 mg/kg sediment dw
- Extrapolation method:
- equilibrium partitioning method
Sediment (marine water)
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- PNEC sediment (marine water)
- PNEC value:
- 0.13 mg/kg sediment dw
- Extrapolation method:
- equilibrium partitioning method
Hazard for air
Air
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Hazard for terrestrial organisms
Soil
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- PNEC soil
- PNEC value:
- 0.29 mg/kg soil dw
- Extrapolation method:
- equilibrium partitioning method
Hazard for predators
Secondary poisoning
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no potential to cause toxic effects if accumulated (in higher organisms) via the food chain
Additional information
Lemon oil is a natural complex substance consisting of a mixture of poorly soluble constituents.
For Lemon oil, no studies on the aquatic toxicity are available for fish and algae. For Daphnia, one study is available that is rated with Reliability 3 and is used as supporting study. Thus, for all endpoints, read-across is conducted from the citrus oils Orange oil, Mandarin oil and Lime oil. The justification of this read-across is described in detail in the read-across justification document.
The aquatic toxicity for fish, Daphnia and algae was determined in tests with Water Accomodated Fractions. For algae, read across was conducted to mandarin oil (72h ErL50 = 9.7 mg/L). For Daphnia and fish read across was conducted to Orange oil. For Daphnia the 48h-EL50 is 1.1 mg/L and for fish the 96h-EL50 is 5.65 mg/L.
Lemon Oil is a complex mixture with limonene as the major constituent. A DPD+ analysis (ref 1) for Lemon Oil identified D-limonene to represent the dominant risk to the environment (see table). The ratio calculated from the constituent concentration and concentration limit is called Lead Substance Indicator (LSI). Thus the PNEC for D-limonene will be used for the risk characterization and the exposure assessment will also be carried out using limonene. PNEC values for limonene are publicly available on the ECHA website (CAS no 5989 -27 -5).
CAS |
Substance |
Conc. in lemon oil (% in typical) |
R-phrase(s) |
Conc. limit |
LSI |
5989-27-5 |
D-Limonene |
60 |
R50/53 |
0.25 |
240 |
(1) REACH: Exposure scenarios for preparations. Methodology for the identification of substances that represent the dominant risks to human health and/or the environment and the drivers for risk management measures, CEFIC, June 09: final for publication
All constituents have the same working mechanism (Narcosis and Polar narcosis) and there are no minor constituents that are highly toxic to the environment. In view of the fate and behaviour and risk assessment Limonene, as the major constituent, can be taken as representative for the other constituents.
Conclusion on classification
For Lemon oil, the lowest ecotoxicity value is a 48h-EL50 from a Daphnia study. In this study the 48h-EL50 is 1.1 mg/L. This leads to a classification with R51.
Lemon oil was shown to be readily biodegradable.
All constituents of Lemon oil have an estimated log Kow >3 (log Kow > 4 for over 90% of composition) and no measured data on BCF is available for Lemon oil, it is also classified as R53.
Thus according to Directive 67/548/EEC Lemon oil is classified as R51/53 (Toxic to aquatic organisms, may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment).
According to Regulation 1272/2008/EC (CLP) Lemon oil is not classified for its acute aquatic toxicity.
Based on the 48h-EL50 for Daphnia between 1 mg/l and 10 mg/l, and its estimated log Kow > 4 it is classified as hazardous to the aquatic environment Chronic Category 2 (H411).
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