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EC number: 202-025-4 | CAS number: 90-93-7
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Genetic toxicity: in vivo
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- in vivo mammalian somatic cell study: cytogenicity / erythrocyte micronucleus
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 2003-03-19 to 2003-02-07
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
Cross-reference
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across: supporting information
Reference
- Endpoint:
- in vivo mammalian somatic cell study: cytogenicity / erythrocyte micronucleus
- Type of information:
- read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
- Justification for type of information:
- REPORTING FORMAT FOR THE ANALOGUE APPROACH
1. HYPOTHESIS FOR THE ANALOGUE APPROACH
The following functional groups are common across the target and source substances: Aryl groups, Amine groups, and Carbonyl groups. It is the scientific hypothesis of this read-across justification that the presence of these functional groups dictates the mutagenic potential of the target substance. The target and sources substances all pass Lipinski’s rule of five and are therefore considered to have the potential to be absorbed into the body via the oral route. The breakdown products within the body are likely to be similar, or the same, as shown in the table below.
Breakdown products:
Source substance (4-Phenyl Benzophenone) - Benzophenone, Toluene, Hippuric acid or ortho-Cresol
Source substance (2-hydroxy-1-(4-(4-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropionyl) benzyl) phenyl)-2-methylpropan-1-one) - Isobutyraldehyde + H2O, Benzyl benzene
Source substance (4,4'-bis(dimethylamino)benzophenone) - Benzophenone, Dimethylamine (x2)
Target substance - Benzophenone, Diethylamine (x2)
The target and source substances are expected to degrade in a similar way within the body and are expected to generate similar if not the same major metabolites. The molecular weight of the target and source substances are similar and are all below 500 daltons. There is some variation in the results of water solubility and partition coefficient between the target and source substances, this is not expected to impact the potential for genetic toxicity. Both the target and source substances pass Lipinski’s rule of five indicating that they may be orally absorbed and therefore are available within the body and may act in a genetically toxic way.
2. SOURCE AND TARGET CHEMICAL
The source and target substances are composed of the same functional groups bound together in similar ways. The molecular weight of the target and source substances are similar and they are expected to be absorbed in the body in similar ways. The breakdown products of the substance are expected to be the same or very similar and are expected to have the same potential for genetic toxicity.
The target and source substances contain very low levels of unidentified impurities. These impurities are considered not to affect the classification and labelling of the substance due to the very low levels at which they occur. No information on impurities present in the source test materials was available in the literature sources.
The impact of “impurities” is therefore considered not to affect the reliability of the read-across prediction.
3. ANALOGUE APPROACH JUSTIFICATION
Due to the similarities of the source and target substance with regards to physico-chemical properties, Lipinski’s rule of 5, and the fact that the target substance is expected to breakdown into structurally similar molecules in the body, the target substance is expected to behave in a substantially similar manner to the source substance.
The target substance is therefore predicted to be non-mutagenic in the in vivo OECD 476 study when conducted in the mammalian cells. By extension, the target substance is considered not to fulfil the criteria for mutagenicity under the Classification, Labelling, and Packaging (CLP) regulation (1272/2008).
4. DATA MATRIX
See appended full justification document. - Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across source
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 474 (Mammalian Erythrocyte Micronucleus Test)
- Version / remarks:
- adopted on 1997-07-21
- Deviations:
- no
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- EU Method B.11 (Mutagenicity - In Vivo Mammalian Bone-Marrow Chromosome Aberration Test)
- Deviations:
- no
- Sex:
- male/female
- Genotoxicity:
- negative
- Toxicity:
- no effects
- Vehicle controls validity:
- valid
- Negative controls validity:
- not examined
- Positive controls validity:
- valid
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- study report
- Title:
- Unnamed
- Year:
- 2 003
- Report date:
- 2003
Materials and methods
Test guidelineopen allclose all
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 474 (Mammalian Erythrocyte Micronucleus Test)
- Version / remarks:
- adopted on 1997-07-21
- Deviations:
- no
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- EU Method B.11 (Mutagenicity - In Vivo Mammalian Bone-Marrow Chromosome Aberration Test)
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- yes (incl. QA statement)
- Type of assay:
- micronucleus assay
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- -
- EC Number:
- 444-860-9
- EC Name:
- -
- Cas Number:
- 474510-57-1
- Molecular formula:
- C21 H24 O4
- IUPAC Name:
- 2-hydroxy-1-(4-(4-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropionyl) benzyl) phenyl)-2-methylpropan-1-one
Constituent 1
Test animals
- Species:
- mouse
- Strain:
- NMRI
- Sex:
- male/female
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Source: RCC Ltd., Biotechnology and Animal Breeding Division, CH-4414 Rossdorf, Switzerland
- Age at start of acclimization: 8-10 weeks
- Weight at study initiation: males mean value 33.39 g and females mean value 27.13 g
- Assigned to test groups randomly: yes
- Fasting period before study: Approximately 18 hours before treatment the animals received no food but water ad
libitum
- Housing: Individuelly in Makrolon type- 1 cages
- Diet: pelleted standard diet, ad libitum (ALTROMIN 1324, D-32791 Lage/Lippe, Germany)
- Water: tap water, ad libitum, (Gemeindewerke, D-64380 Rossdorf, Germany)
- Acclimation period: minimum 5 days
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature: 22 ± 3 "C
- Humidity (%): 22 - 70 %
- Photoperiod: artificial light 6.00 a.m. - 6.00 p.m.
IN-LIFE DATES: From: To: 2003-01-04 until 2003-02-07
Administration / exposure
- Route of administration:
- oral: gavage
- Vehicle:
- Corn oil
- Details on exposure:
- PREPARATION OF DOSING SOLUTIONS: Not detailed
- Duration of treatment / exposure:
- Single dose
- Frequency of treatment:
- Once
- Post exposure period:
- Sampling of the bone marrow was done 24 hours after treatment (to animals administered with 500, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg bw.of the test item) and 48 hours after treatment (to animals administered with 2000 mg/kg bw)
acute toxic symptoms were examined at intervals of around 1 h, 2-4 h, 6 h, 24 h, 30 h, and 48 h after administration of the test item.
Doses / concentrationsopen allclose all
- Dose / conc.:
- 500 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Dose / conc.:
- 1 000 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Dose / conc.:
- 2 000 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 10 animals (5 males, 5 females) per dose
- Control animals:
- yes, concurrent vehicle
- Positive control(s):
- Cyclophosphamide - 40 mg/kg b.w
Examinations
- Tissues and cell types examined:
- Erythrocyres from the bone marrow
- Details of tissue and slide preparation:
- - The femora were removed, the epiphyses were cut off and the marrow was flushed out with fetal calf serum, using a syringe. The cell suspension was centrifuged at 1500 rpm (390 x g) for 10 minutes and the supernatant was discarded. A small drop of the resuspended cell pellet was spread on
a slide. The smear was air-dried and then stained with May-Grunwald. Cover slips were mounted with EUKITT. At least one slide was made from each bone marrow sample
- Evaluation of the slides was performed using NIKON microscopes with 100 x oil immersion objectives. At least 2000 polychromatic erythrocytes (PCE) were analysed per animal for micronuclei. To describe a cytotoxic effect the ratio between polychromatic and total erythrocytes was determined in the same sample and expressed in polychromatic erythrocytes per 2000 erythrocytes. The analysis was performed with coded slides. - Evaluation criteria:
- A test item was classified as mutagenic if it induced either a dose-related increase or a clear increase in the number of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes in a single dose group. Statistical methods (nonparametric Mann-Whitney test were used as an aid in evaluating the results. However, the primary point of consideration is the biological relevance of the results.
A test item that fails to produce a biological relevant increase in the number of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes is considered non-mutagenic in this system. - Statistics:
- Nonparametric Mann-Whitney test
Results and discussion
Test results
- Sex:
- male/female
- Genotoxicity:
- negative
- Toxicity:
- no effects
- Vehicle controls validity:
- valid
- Negative controls validity:
- not examined
- Positive controls validity:
- valid
- Additional information on results:
- - After treatment with the test item the number of PCEs was not substantially decreased as compared to the mean value of PCEs of the vehicle control thus indicating that the test item did not exert any cytotoxic effects in the bone marrow
- In comparison to the corresponding vehicle controls there was no biologically relevant or statistically significant enhancement in the frequency of the detected micronuclei at any preparation interval after administration of the test item and with any dose level used
- Cyclophosphamide (positive control) administered orally was used as positive control which showed a substantial increase of induced micronucleus frequency.
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- Interpretation of results (migrated information): negative
- Executive summary:
In this guideline (OECD 476) study conducted with GLP certification, the test material (EC 444-860-9) was determined not to be genotoxic. The test was conducted on mice (10 mice per sex per dose), with the substance administered via gavage in a single dose (nominal concentrations: 500, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg bw). The bone marrow of the test subjects was sampled at 24 and 48 hours. The results of the study indicate that the test material does not meet the criteria to be considered mutagenic under the EU Classification, Labelling, and Packaging (CLP) regulation (1272/2008).
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
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