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EC number: 214-490-0 | CAS number: 1135-24-6
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 1998
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment
- Qualifier:
- no guideline followed
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- The objective of this study was to screen a wide range of commercially available natural compounds for selective cyanobacterial algicides. Some of the natural compounds screened in this study may be produced or released during lignin decomposition. Other natural compounds selected for screening in this study possess similar mechanisms of toxicity as those of several synthetic compounds that were previously found to be selectively toxic towards Oscillatoria chalybea.
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Analytical monitoring:
- no
- Vehicle:
- no
- Test organisms (species):
- other: Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata; Pediastrum simplex; Anabaena sp and Oscillatoria cf. chalybea
- Details on test organisms:
- - Selenastrum capricornutum, a representative species for green algae (provided by Dr. J. C. Greene, USEPA, Corvallis, OR)
- greenalga Pediastrum simplex UTEX #LB 1601 (Culture Collection of Algae,University of Texas, Austin, TX).
- Anabaena sp. LP 691 (obtained from George Izaguirre, TheMetropolitan Water District of Southern California, La Verne, CA)
- cyanobacterium Oscillatoria cf. chalybea - Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Total exposure duration:
- 5 d
- Test temperature:
- 25 to 27°C
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- Nomimal concentration between 1µM and 1000µM
- Key result
- Duration:
- 5 d
- Dose descriptor:
- LOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 194 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Remarks on result:
- other: Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata; Pediastrum simplex; Anabaena sp
- Key result
- Duration:
- 5 d
- Dose descriptor:
- LOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.194 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Remarks on result:
- other: Oscillatoria chalybea
- Duration:
- 5 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC100
- Effect conc.:
- 194 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (initial)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Remarks on result:
- other: Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata; Anabaena sp and Oscillatoria cf. chalybea
- Duration:
- 5 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC100
- Effect conc.:
- > 194 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Remarks on result:
- other: Pediastrum simplex
- Details on results:
- The phenolic compounds, ferulic acid and sinapic acid, were inhibitory to O. cf. chalybea at 1 and 10 µM, respectively, based on LOEC results. Ferulic acid had a high differential sensitivity based on LOEC results and, therefore, was the most selectively toxic phenolic compound screened. However, ferulic acid was not selectively toxic towards another cyanobacterium, Anabaena sp. LP 691.
Therefore, ferulic acid might be of use in selectively controlling the growth of particular species of cyanobacteria such as O. cf. chalybea, but could not be used as a broad-spectrum cyanobacterial algicide.
Species: Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata; Pediastrum simplex; Anabaena sp. LOEC (5 d) = 194 mg/L (population growth rate)
Species: Oscillatoria chalybea LOEC (5 d)= 0.194 mg/L (population growth rate) - Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not applicable
- Remarks:
- no guideline followed
- Conclusions:
- For the Species: Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata; Pediastrum simplex; Anabaena sp., the LOEC (5 d) was found to be 194 mg/L (1000 µM) based on the population growth rate.
For the Species: Oscillatoria chalybea, the LOEC (5 d) was 0.194 mg/L (1 µM) based on the population growth rate. - Executive summary:
In this study, the main objective was to screen a wide range of commercially available natural compounds for selective cyanobacterial algicides. Thus, the toxiciy of several compounds including Ferulic acid towards algal culture i.e.cyanbacteria and green algae (Selenastrum capricornutum) was investigated.
For the Species: Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata; Pediastrum simplex; Anabaena sp., the LOEC (5 d) was found to be 194 mg/L (1000 µM) based on the population growth rate.
For the Species: Oscillatoria chalybea, the LOEC (5 d) was 0.194 mg/L (1 µM) based on the population growth rate.
Reference
Description of key information
Two studies involving a standard algae species were found (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and Microcystis aeruginosa).
In the Rui et al 2016 study, the authors investigated the effects of allelochemical Ferulic acid on a series of physiological and biochemical processes of blue-green algae Microcystis aeruginosa, in order to find sensitive diagnostic variables for allelopathic effects.
To obtain the dose response effects of Ferulic acid on M. aeruginosa, the exposure medium were prepared by adding Ferulic acid in flasks containing MA medium at a series of concentrations: 60.1, 91.2, 135.8, 201.8, 302.6, 450.1, 673.2 and 1003 mg/L.
Several biological effect are investigated as cell density but also the membrane integrity, Membrane potential, Esterase activity Chlorophyll a content and Interferences on photosynthetic activities.
Under the tests conditions, Ferulic acid exposure inhibited the growth of blue-green algae Microcystis aeruginosa. The 48h-EC50 and the 96h-EC50 were 442 mg/L and 211 mg/L (i.e. 2.28 mM and 1.09 mM respectively) based on the biomass (cell density). Furthermore this algae cell density was significantly suppressed by Ferulic acid (in the range 0.31 -5.17 mM) only after 48 h exposure therefore the LOEC is determined to be 60.1 mg/L
The second study is a publication from 1998 (Schrader et al 1998) in which the main objective was to screen a wide range of commercially available natural compounds for selective cyanobacterial algicides. In this study, the toxiciy of several compounds including Ferulic acid towards algal culture with cyanbacteria (Anabaena sp and Oscillatoria chalybea ) and green algae (Selenastrum capricornutum and Pediastrum simplex) was investigated.
Thus, for the Species: Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, Pediastrum simplex and Anabaena sp., the LOEC (5 d) was found to be 194 mg/L (1000 µM) based on the population growth rate. For the Species Oscillatoria chalybea, the LOEC (5 d) was 0.194 mg/L (1 µM) based on the population growth rate. According to the high differential sensitivity between the cyanobacteria Oscillatoria chalybea and the other species (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, Pediastrum simplex and Anabaena sp), and also the other study available ( Rui et al 2016), its LOEC is not considered as representative of the algal or cyanobacteria.
Therefore as the Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata is one of the standard species recognized and the study of scharder closer to the OECD guideline test conditions, its LOEC was taken as key value (i.e. EC50 > 194 mg/L).
Key value for chemical safety assessment
- EC50 for freshwater algae:
- 194 mg/L
Additional information
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