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EC number: 234-190-3 | CAS number: 10588-01-9
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Toxicity to soil macroorganisms except arthropods
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to soil macroorganisms except arthropods: long-term
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Reliability:
- 3 (not reliable)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other:
- Remarks:
- Well performed with its methodology very close to OECD 220 (Enchytraeid Reproduction Test). However, as artificial soils per se do not reflect a realistic exposure scenario for hazard assessment, the study is considered not reliable.
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 220 (Enchytraeid Reproduction Test)
- Deviations:
- yes
- Remarks:
- Performed according to the enchytraeid reproduction test (Römbke and Moser, 1999) and modified to account for smaller size and shorter lifecycle of E. coronatus. OECD 220 validity criteria fulfilled.
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- The study investigated the chronic effects of three chemicals including potassium dichromate on the survival and reproduction of the oligochaete worm Enchytraeus coronatus using artificial soils as presented in OECD 220 (Enchytraeid Reproduction Test)
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Analytical monitoring:
- not specified
- Test organisms (species):
- Enchytraeus sp.
- Animal group:
- annelids
- Details on test organisms:
- Enchytraeus coronatus individuals were isolated from E. albidus soil cultures provided by ECT Oekotoxicologie GmbH (Germany)
Pre-Culture of test organisms:
The sterile culture substrate contained 1.5% agar in a solution of 1 g Ca(NO3)2/L, 0.25 g/L MgSO4, 0.25 g/L KNO3 and 0.25 g/L KH2PO4 in distilled water in petri dishes. Incubations were carried out in the dark (20°C, ambient humidity (90%)) in a Sanyo MLR-350 H incubator. 30 mg of autoclaved, ground outs were added in each petri dish as supplementary food. - Study type:
- laboratory study
- Remarks:
- Sanyo MLR-350 H incubator
- Substrate type:
- artificial soil
- Remarks:
- according to OECD 220
- Total exposure duration:
- 3 wk
- Test temperature:
- see below
- pH:
- see below
- Moisture:
- see below
- Details on test conditions:
- The quantity of soil per replicate and exposure time according to OECD 220 (Enchytraeid Reproduction Test), however slightly modified to account for the shorter life cycle of E. coronatus.
Artificial soil was prepared and pH-equilibrated according to OECD 220, distributed into 50 mL glass beakers (15g soil d.w. each) with 5 mg of autoclaved oats added.
7 to 9-week-old worms were used for the test, selected from the agar plates and subsequently used for the toxicity tests. Testing was performed for 3 weeks in the dark at 20°C and 90% humidity in a Sanyo MLR-350 H incubator. Water loss was compensated for by weighing.
Controls included soils without worms to control soil pH and moisture (pH 5.3-5.8, moisture 38.5%-44%) - Nominal and measured concentrations:
- Test concentrations: 10, 31.6, 100, 316.2 and 1000 mg K2Cr2O7/kg d.w., corresponding to Cr(VI) concentrations of 3.53, 11.17, 35.35, 111.77 and 353.49 mg Cr(VI)/ kg soil d.w.
- Reference substance (positive control):
- yes
- Remarks:
- The toxic effects of carbendazim were also assessed at concentrations of 3.22, 10.17, 32.18, 101.75 and 321.8 mg/kg soil.
- Duration:
- 3 wk
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 35.35 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- Cr(VI)
- Basis for effect:
- reproduction
- Remarks on result:
- other:
- Remarks:
- Corresponding to 100 mg K2Cr2O7/kg soil
- Duration:
- 3 wk
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 198.77 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- Cr(VI)
- Basis for effect:
- mortality
- Remarks on result:
- other:
- Remarks:
- Corresponding to 562.3 mg K2Cr2O7/kg soil
- Duration:
- 3 wk
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 27.18 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- Cr(VI)
- Basis for effect:
- reproduction
- Remarks on result:
- other:
- Remarks:
- Corresponding to 76.9 mg K2Cr2O7/kg soil
- Duration:
- 3 wk
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 115.66 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- Cr(VI)
- Basis for effect:
- reproduction
- Remarks on result:
- other:
- Remarks:
- Corresponding to 327.2 mg K2Cr2O7/kg soil
- Details on results:
- Regarding the calculation of the EC10 and EC50 (RI), the chi-square test for heterogeneity demonstrated a good adjustment of the data to the Probit model (P<0.05). The 3-week LC50 of 562.3 mg K2Cr2O7/kg (corresponding to 198.77 mg Cr(VI)/kg soil d.w.) was estimated as the geometric mean of the 316.2 and 1000 mg K2Cr2O7/kg soil d.w. treatments.
- Results with reference substance (positive control):
- Carbendazim LC50 > 321.8 mg/kg; NOEC(juvenile/adults) = 10.17 mg/kg; EC10 (reproductive inhibition) = 4.28 mg/kg; EC50 (reproductive inhibition) = 14.09 mg/kg
- Reported statistics and error estimates:
- NOEC concentrations were determined using the Dunnett test (one-tailed test, alpha=0.05). Normality and homocedasticity of the data were demonstrated by the Kolmogoroff-Smirnov and Bartletts test. In case homocedasticity or normality could not be shown, the non-parametric Bonferri-Holm U test was applied. LC50 values were calculated according to the trimmed Spearman-Karber method. Confidence intervals were given for alpha = 0.05. The mean number of juveniles per concentration was expressed as the percentage relative to the control (= reproductive inhibition).
EC10 and EC50 concentrations for reproductive inhibition were calculated by the Probit method. - Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Conclusions:
- The laboratory study is well performed, with its methodology besides minor adaptions to account for the E. coronate life cycle very close to OECD 220 (Enchytraeid Reproduction Test). Testing was performed on artificial soils as described in the guideline. Based on the amount of hatched juveniles per adult, a NOEC of 35.35 mg Cr(VI)/kg soil d.w. was derived. In addition, EC10 and EC50 values of 27.18 and 115.66 mg Cr(VI)/kg soil d.w. were determined based on the percentage of reproductive inhibition observed over 3 weeks. Further, the LC50 for Enchytraeus coronatus was determined with 198.77 mg Cr(VI)/kg soil d.w. based on adult mortality. However, as artificial soils per se do not reflect a realistic exposure scenario for hazard assessment, the study is considered not reliable.
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to soil macroorganisms except arthropods: short-term
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Reliability:
- 3 (not reliable)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: See 'Remarks'
- Remarks:
- Comparable to guideline study with acceptable restrictions. However, results of the chronic endpoint (reproduction) for the test substance potassium diichromate are not reported. Furthermore, the study was conducted in artifical soil which is considered not relevant for the hazard assessment of metals in soil.
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 220 (Enchytraeid Reproduction Test)
- Deviations:
- yes
- Remarks:
- Exposure duration increased (4 wk for adult exposure; 4 wk for offspring exposure)
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Analytical monitoring:
- no
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on preparation and application of test substrate:
- Homogenous mixtures of 10 g artificial soil and the test substance were prepared.
- Test organisms (species):
- Enchytraeus albidus
- Animal group:
- annelids
- Details on test organisms:
- TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: white worm
- Source: laboratory culture
- Age at test initiation: adult
ACCLIMATION
- Acclimation conditions: culture conditions same as test conditions - Study type:
- laboratory study
- Substrate type:
- artificial soil
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 8 wk
- Test temperature:
- 12 °C
- pH:
- 6.5 ± 0.5
- Moisture:
- 35%
- Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Test container (material, size): plastic boxes (8.4 x 8.4 x 4.5 cm)
- Amount of soil or substrate: 10 g
- No. of organisms per container (treatment): 10
- No. of replicates per treatment group: not clear
- No. of replicates per control: not clear
SOURCE AND PROPERTIES OF SUBSTRATE (if soil)
- Composition (if artificial substrate): 10% sphagnum peat, 20% kaolin, 70% quartz sand
OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Photoperiod: darkness
EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED (with observation intervals if applicable) :
- mortality (once per week, for 4 weeks)
- reproduction (number of the offspring, after 8 weeks) - Nominal and measured concentrations:
- Not reported.
- Reference substance (positive control):
- no
- Duration:
- 28 d
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 148 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Remarks:
- Cr
- Basis for effect:
- mortality
- Duration:
- 28 d
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 417 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Remarks:
- K2Cr2O7
- Basis for effect:
- mortality
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not specified
- Remarks:
- Results are nor shown for the test with potassium dichromate.
- Conclusions:
- A toxicity test similar to OECD 220 was carried out, exposing adult Enchytraeus albidus for 4 weeks to potassium dichromate in artificial soil. After an additional four weeks, the number of offspring, hatched from the cocoons produced by the adults, was determined. While a LC50 of 148 mg Cr/kg soil dw was derived for adult mortality after 4 weeks exposure, results on the reproduction of E. albidus exposed to potassium dichromate are not presented in the study. Therefore, no conclusions can be drawn regarding the chronic toxicity of potassium dichromate to soil invertebrates.
Referenceopen allclose all
Description of key information
Two toxicity studies equivalent or similar to OECD TG 220 (Enchytraeid reproduction test) on two enchytraeid species, i.e. E. albidus and E. coronatus, are available for potassium dichromate. Arrate et al. (2001) derived a 21 d NOEC of 35.35 mg Cr(VI)/kg soil d.w. based on the number of hatched juveniles per adult, whereas the percentage of reproductive inhibition observed after three weeks results in 21 d EC10 and 21 d EC50 values of 27.18 and 115.66 mg Cr(VI)/kg soil d.w., respectively. Römbke (1989) reports a 28 d LC50 value of 148 mg Cr(VI)/kg soil d.w. in a study with E. albidus and potassium dichromate. Although performed in accordance with OECD TG, the studies are considered of limited relevance for the hazard assessment of chromium (VI) substances in soil due to the use of artificial substrate, which is not considered representative for soil. However, in absence of a comprehensive dataset on the terrestrial toxicity of chromium (VI) substances to soil invertebrates, the lowest effect concentrations observed are considered to support available data from a reliable study on the soil arthropod species Folsomia candida (Lin et al., 2019, Klimisch 2). Please refer to the summary “Toxicity to terrestrial arthropods” for further information.
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Additional information
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