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EC number: 215-127-9 | CAS number: 1304-28-5
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Endpoint summary
Administrative data
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Effects on fertility
Link to relevant study records
- Endpoint:
- fertility, other
- Remarks:
- based on test type (migrated information)
- Type of information:
- migrated information: read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: see 'Remark'
- Remarks:
- BaO rapidly hydrolyzes to Ba(OH)2, a strongly alkaline substance, upon contact with water. Barium chloride dihydrate as well soluble barium salt was used to assess the potential of BaO to cause barium toxicity. The study did not follow a guideline, but the experimental setup meets basic scientific criteria.
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Qualifier:
- no guideline followed
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Four dose levels were tested with 20 males and 20 females each: 0, 1000, 2000, and 4000 ppm Barium Chloride Dihydrate in drinking water. Males were treated for 60 consecutive days, females for 30 days. At the end of the treatment period, one male and one female were co-housed until signs of mating were detected, but for maximum 8 days. Live offspring were counted, weighed and examined on day 0 (day of birth) and again on day 5. Dead pups were colleced and examined. All females were terminated on days 96 or 97 and vagina, cervix, oviduct and ovaries were examined and implantation sites were counted.
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Limit test:
- no
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- other: Fischer-344/N
- Sex:
- male/female
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Simonsen Laboratories, Gilroy (CA)
- Age at study initiation: 32 days
- Housing: 5 per cage
- Diet (e.g. ad libitum): NIH-07 pellets ad libitum
- Water (e.g. ad libitum): ad libitum
- Acclimation period: 10-11 days
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°C): 21-24
- Air changes (per hr): 13.5
- Photoperiod (hrs dark / hrs light): 12/12 - Route of administration:
- oral: drinking water
- Vehicle:
- water
- Details on mating procedure:
- - M/F ratio per cage: 1/1
- Length of cohabitation: until detection of signs of mating, but for max. 8 days
- Proof of pregnancy: sperm in vaginal smear
- No replacement of male after unsuccessful pairing (no explanation)
- After successful mating each pregnant female was caged (how): no data - Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- yes
- Details on analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- Dosage analyses were conducted on all dose levels, once at the beginning and midway through the testing period. Detected dose levels were within 1-6% of expected dosage.
- Duration of treatment / exposure:
- Males: 60 days, Females: 30 days prior to mating
- Frequency of treatment:
- continuous
- Details on study schedule:
- - Males were treated for 60 days, females for 30 days with test substance in drinking water prior to mating
- 1 male was mated with 1 female
- animals were checked daily for signs of co-habitation and separated if positive, at the latest however 8 days after begin of the mating period
- live pups were counted and examined on day of birth and 5 days after
- females were sacrificed at days 96 and 97 and reproductive organs were examined - Remarks:
- Doses / Concentrations:
1000, 2000, 4000 ppm
Basis:
nominal in water - No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 20
- Control animals:
- yes, concurrent vehicle
- Parental animals: Observations and examinations:
- CAGE SIDE OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: Twice daily
DETAILED CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS: No data
BODY WEIGHT: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: Females were weighed on the day of mating and on the day of parturition
WATER CONSUMPTION AND COMPOUND INTAKE (if drinking water study): No data - Oestrous cyclicity (parental animals):
- not determined
- Sperm parameters (parental animals):
- Parameters examined in male parental generation:
testis weight, epididymis weight, sperm count, sperm motility, sperm morphology - Litter observations:
- STANDARDISATION OF LITTERS
- Performed on day 4 postpartum: no
PARAMETERS EXAMINED
The following parameters were examined in F1 offspring:
number of pups, stillbirths, live births, postnatal mortality, presence of gross anomalies, weight gain, physical abnormalities
GROSS EXAMINATION OF DEAD PUPS:
yes, for external abnormalities - Postmortem examinations (parental animals):
- SACRIFICE
- Male animals: no data
- Maternal animals: All surviving were terminated at days 96 and 97.
GROSS NECROPSY
- Gross necropsy consisted of vagina, cervix, oviducts, and ovaries (females). Implantation sites in uteri were counted. - Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- 2 000 ppm (nominal)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male/female
- Basis for effect level:
- other: Animals did not show increased mortality, fertility rates, live pup numbers and weights were comparable to controls. No effects on sperm count, motility, and morphology, testis or epididymal weight.
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Generation:
- F1
- Effect level:
- 2 000 ppm (nominal)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male/female
- Basis for effect level:
- other: Pup numbers, birth weight, and weight gain after birth were normal, no external abnormalities were detected.
- Reproductive effects observed:
- not specified
Reference
REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTION (PARANTAL ANIMALS):
- No differences in sperm count, motility or morphology were found.
- No effects on testis or epididymal weight.
- Vaginal cytology was negative for abnormalities.
REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE (PARENTAL ANIMALS): Pregnancy rates ranged between 40% in controls to 65% in the highest treatment group.
No external abnormalities were observed.
Reproductive toxicity:
|
0 ppm |
4000 ppm |
Pregnancy rate |
40% |
65% |
Average litter size D0 |
9.0± 1.37 |
7.2± 0.52 |
Average litter size D5 |
9.3± 1.16 |
7.1± 0.56 |
Implants / pregnant dam |
9.6± 1.10 |
7.7± 0.52 |
Live pup weight D0 |
5.7± 0.09 |
5.2± 0.06* |
Live pup weight D5 |
10.55± 0.26 |
9.93± 0.20 |
*p≤0.01
Effect on fertility: via oral route
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no adverse effect observed
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- 2 000
- Study duration:
- subchronic
- Species:
- rat
- Quality of whole database:
- BaO rapidly hydrolyzes to Ba(OH)2, a strongly alkaline substance, upon contact with water. Barium chloride dihydrate as well soluble barium salt was used to assess the potential of BaO to cause barium toxicity.
Effect on fertility: via inhalation route
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no study available
Effect on fertility: via dermal route
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no study available
Additional information
BaO rapidly hydrolyzes to Ba(OH)2, a strongly alkaline substance, upon contact with water. Barium chloride dihydrate as well soluble barium salt was used to assess the potential of BaO to cause barium toxicity. Barium chlorid dihydrate and barium oxide share the barium ion as cation which may be the toxophore of the registered compound barium oxide. For details on comparability of the two compunds, please refer to the weight-of-evidence justification.
Available data on the reproduction toxicity of soluble barium is derived from one publication (Dietz et al.), which tested both rats and mice. Female and male animals were exposed to barium chloride dihydrate in the drinking water (high dose was 4000 ppm for rats and 2000 ppm for mice). Males that were treated for 60 days were then mated with females that had been exposed for 30 days prior to co-housing. It is unclear from the data and description whether the animals were further exposed during mating period and pregnancy. The authors did not find any changes in pregnancy rate between treated and control rats and mice. Further, sperm count, motility, and morphology as well as examination of female reproductive organs were normal. Treated dams produced slightly less pups in the high dose group, which also showed marginally reduced birth weights. However, both findings were not statistically significant. Therefore, the NOAEL for both parental (P) and F1 toxicity was set at 2000 ppm.Short description of key information:
repeated dose study on fertility (Dietz, 1992): NOAEL (rat) = 2000 ppm, NOAEL (mouse) = 2000 ppm
Justification for selection of Effect on fertility via oral route:
The study does fulfill basic scientific principles. Reproductive toxicity was tested in both rats and mice. Documentation is incomplete and the lack of drinking water consumption data does not allow for determination of actual compound consumption.
Effects on developmental toxicity
Effect on developmental toxicity: via oral route
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no study available
Effect on developmental toxicity: via inhalation route
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no study available
Effect on developmental toxicity: via dermal route
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no study available
Justification for classification or non-classification
Since there were no indications for reproductive toxicity in the studies addressing reproduction toxicity or in the repeated-dose exposure (both in mice and rats), a non-classification for BaO is warranted according to Regulation (EC) 1272/2008 (CLP).
Additional information
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
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