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EC number: 203-852-3 | CAS number: 111-27-3
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
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Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 2005-01-10 to 2005-01-28
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
- Remarks:
- Good study conducted following OECD guideline 201 and conducted according to GLP (certified).
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 201 (Alga, Growth Inhibition Test)
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- yes (incl. QA statement)
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Details on sampling:
- - Concentrations: all nominal concentrations were tested at time 0, 24 and 72 h.
- Sampling method: samples were taken from the vessels with algae and vessels prepared without algae. - Vehicle:
- no
- Details on test solutions:
- PREPARATION AND APPLICATION OF TEST SOLUTION
- Method: A stock solution was prepared by adding 180 mg of the test substance to sterilised test medium and adjusting the volume to 1 L. The solution was stirred for 24 hours. The stock solution was diluted with sterilised growth medium to obtain the nominal test concentrations under sterile conditions: 7.7, 17, 37, 82 and 180 mg hexanol/L.
- Controls: standard control using dilution water. - Test organisms (species):
- Raphidocelis subcapitata (previous names: Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, Selenastrum capricornutum)
- Details on test organisms:
- TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: freshwater green alga
- Strain: Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata
- Source (laboratory, culture collection): SAG, Culture Collection of Algae at Pflanzenphysiologisches Institut of the University at Göttingen, Albrecht von Haller Institut, Untere Klarspüle 2, D-37073 Göttingen, Catalog No 61.81.
ACCLIMATION
- Culturing media and conditions: The stock cultures were maintained fulfilling the criteria of the OECD guidelines. Prior to testing a pre-culture was established in test medium to obtain exponentially growing algae for the test. - Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 72 h
- Post exposure observation period:
- None
- Hardness:
- N.R.
- Test temperature:
- 22.0 - 22.2 °C
- pH:
- 8.52 - 8.58 (Controls), 8.08 - 8.40 (test concentrations)
- Dissolved oxygen:
- N.R.
- Salinity:
- N.A.
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- Nominal: 7.7, 17, 37, 82 and 180 mg hexanol/L
Mean measured (with algae): 4.72, 11.3, 31.2, 50.1 and 111.2 mg hexanol/L
Mean measured (without algae present): 5.48, 12.3, 29.3, 54.9 and 105.5 mg hexanol/L - Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Test vessel: glass flask, with cultures being resuspended continuously by shaking on a laboratory shaker (Incubation Shaker Multitron ®, INFORS, Switzerland).
- Type: closed
- Material, size, headspace, fill volume: Test vessels are 250 mL conical glass flasks covered with silicone-sponge caps. The vessels and caps were sterilized prior to use (autoclaving or heating).
- Aeration: none
- Initial cells density: 10,000 cells/mL
- Control end cells density: 143.3x10^4 cells/mL
- No. of vessels per concentration: 3
- No. of vessels per control: 6
GROWTH MEDIUM
- Standard medium used: yes
TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS
- Source/preparation of dilution water: A sterilized synthetic growth medium according to OECD 201
- Culture medium different from test medium: no
- Intervals of water quality measurement: daily
OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Sterile test conditions: yes
-Adjustment of pH: none
- Photoperiod: continuous
- Light intensity and quality: 8000 Lux
EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED:
- Determination of cell concentrations: Cell concentrations were determined using an electronic particle counter (CASY 1 Model TT Schärfe System
Reutlingen, Germany) from time 0h to 72h every 24h. The correctness of the electronic counts was checked by microscopically counting following internal operation procedures.
TEST CONCENTRATIONS
- Spacing factor for test concentrations: five concentrations arranged in a geometric series, spaced by a factor of 2.2
- Range finding study: yes, details not reported. - Reference substance (positive control):
- no
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 11.3 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (arithm. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 31.2 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (arithm. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Key result
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 19.8 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (arithm. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Key result
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 79.7 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (arithm. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- < 4.72 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (arithm. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- biomass
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LOEC
- Effect conc.:
- < 4.72 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (arithm. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- biomass
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 4.97 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (arithm. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- biomass
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 20.5 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (arithm. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- biomass
- Details on results:
- - Exponential growth in the control: yes
- Reported statistics and error estimates:
- Calculation of the percent inhibition of growth rate, yield (cell counts) and biomass integral was performed according to the OECD guideline.
A concentration-effect relationship was observed and statistically analyzed to obtain effect concentrations.
The test results were statistically analyzed to determine EC10 and EC50 values together with 95 % confidence intervals using Probit-analysis assuming lognormal distribution of the values by using the computer program ToxRat.
The NOEC and LOEC values for yield and biomass were determined by the Welch t-test. - Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Conclusions:
- A 72h ErC50 value of 79.7 mg/L and NOEC value of 11.3 mg/L have been determined for the effect of the test substance on growth rate of Pseudokirchnerella subcapitata.
Reference
Table 1. Cell densities, biomass and growth rate, and percentage inhibition of the test organism treated at a range of concentrations of the test substance. Biomass and growth rate are the mean at 72 h, the percentage inhibition are expressed relative to the period 0 -72 h.
Treatment concentration (measured concentration average mg/L) | Cell density | Biomass | Biomass % inhibition | Growth rate | Growth rate % inhibition | |||||||
Control 0 | Replicate # | 24 h | 48 h | 72 h | - | - | - | |||||
1 | 5.0 | 27.0 | 136.3 | - | - | - | - | |||||
2 | 4.5 | 27.0 | 138.6 | - | - | - | - | |||||
3 | 4.6 | 29.3 | 148.6 | - | - | - | - | |||||
4 | 4.9 | 30.2 | 148.1 | - | - | - | - | |||||
5 | 4.6 | 29.7 | 140.4 | - | - | - | - | |||||
6 | 5.1 | 27.8 | 147.7 | - | - | - | - | |||||
Mean (± SD) | - | 4.8 ± 0.2 | 28.5 ± 1.4 | 143.3 ± 5.5 | 102.4 ±3.8 | 0 | 1.655 ± 0.013 | 0 | ||||
4.72 mg/L | 1 | 3.7 | 26.2 | 154.5 | - | - | - | - | ||||
2 | 3.1 | 21.6 | 137.8 | - | - | - | - | |||||
3 | 1.4 | 12.1 | 72.4 | - | - | - | - | |||||
Mean (± SD) | 2.7 ± 1.2 | 20.0 ± 7.2 | 121.6 ± 43.4 | 81.0 ± 30.0 | 20.9 | 1.583 ± 0.136 | 4.3 | |||||
11.3 mg/L | 1 | 3.0 | 23.8 | 145.7 | - | - | - | - | ||||
2 | 3.0 | 17.5 | 118.5 | - | - | - | - | |||||
3 | 2.6 | 16.6 | 117.0 | - | - | - | - | |||||
Mean (± SD) | 2.9 ± 0.2 | 19.3 ± 3.9 | 127.1 ± 16.2 | 83.2 ± 12.1 | 18.7 | 1.613 ± 0.041 | 2.5 | |||||
31.2 mg/L | 1 | 1.6 | 2.2 | 78.5 | - | - | - | - | ||||
2 | 1.7 | 6.5 | 43.5 | - | - | - | - | |||||
3 | 2.0 | 8.8 | 27.5 | - | - | - | - | |||||
Mean ± SD | 1.7 ± 0.2 | 5.8 ± 3.4 | 49.8 ± 26.1 | 30.0 ± 9.5 | 70.7 | 1.272 ± 0.175 | 23.1 | |||||
50.1 mg/L | 1 | 1.8 | 7.4 | 32.6 | - | - | - | - | ||||
2 | 2.0 | 7.7 | 36.0 | - | - | - | - | |||||
3 | 1.9 | 7.1 | 32.6 | - | - | - | - | |||||
Mean (± SD) | - | 1.9 ± 0.1 | 7.4 ± 0.3 | 33.8 ± 2.0 | 23.6 ± 1.4 | 76.9 | 1.173 ± 0.019 | 29.1 | ||||
111.2 mg/L | 1 | 1.6 | 4.0 | 7.8 | - | - | - | - | ||||
2 | 1.7 | 2.4 | 4.8 | - | - | - | - | |||||
3 | 1.5 | 3.5 | 6.0 | - | - | - | - | |||||
Mean (± SD) | - | 1.6 ± 0.1 | 3.3 ± 0.8 | 6.2 ± 1.5 | 5.5 ± 1.5 | 94.6 | 0.063 ± 0.079 | 63.6 |
Growth rate was significantly reduced between 50.1 and 111.2 mg/L. The calcuated ErL50 was 79.7 mg/L.
Table 2. Results of analytical monitoring (mg/L).
Nominal conc. (mg/L) | Sample | Replicate # | 0h (initial) | 24 h | 24 h % of initial | 72 h | 72 h % of initial | Avergae of all measurements |
7.7 | with algae | 1 | 4.38 | 5.4 | 123 | 3.7 | 85 | |
2 | 5.5 | 126 | 3.7 | 85 | ||||
3 | 6.0 | 136 | 5.0 | 115 | ||||
Mean | 5.6 | 128 | 4.1 | 95 | 4.72 | |||
without algae | 4 | 5.34 | 5.5 | 102 | 5.2 | 97 | ||
5 | 6.00 | 111 | 5.7 | 106 | ||||
mean | 5.7 | 107 | 5.4 | 102 | 5.48 | |||
17 | with algae* | 1 | 13.6 | 11.9 | 88 | 7.9 | 58 | |
2 | 12.9 | 95 | 8.7 | 64 | ||||
3 | 13.6 | 100 | 7.53 | 56 | ||||
mean | 12.8 | 94 | 7.53 | 56 | 11.3 | |||
without algae | 4 | 13.6 | 13.3 | 98 | 8.0 | 59 | ||
5 | 16.8 | 124 | 8.6 | 64 | ||||
mean | 15.0 | 120 | 24.1 | 61 | 12.3 | |||
37 | with algae** | 1 | 32.5 | 39.0 | 120 | 24.1 | 74 | |
2 | 24.4 | 75 | 30.1 | 94 | ||||
3 | 40.4 | 124 | 26.5 | 82 | ||||
mean | 34.6 | 107 | 26.5 | 81.6 | 31.2 | |||
without algae | 4 | 32.5 | 26.3 | 81 | 25.7 | 79.2 | ||
5 | 39.4 | 121 | 19.4 | 60 | ||||
mean | 32.8 | 101 | 22.5 | 69 | 29.3 | |||
82 | with algae | 1 | 54.7 | 51.0 | 92 | 28.7 | 26 | |
2 | 62.2 | 113 | 31.5 | 58 | ||||
3 | 71.1 | 130 | 34.2 | 63 | ||||
mean | 61.3 | 112 | 34.2 | 63 | 50.1 | |||
without algae | 4 | 52.5 | 78.8 | 150 | 42.9 | 82 | ||
5 | 64.6 | 123 | 38.4 | 73 | ||||
mean | 71.7 | 137 | 40.7 | 77 | 54.9 | |||
180 | with algae | 1 | 112.9 | 120.9 | 107 | 104.3 | 92 | |
2 | 86.5 | 77 | 113.6 | 101 | ||||
3 | 84.9 | 75 | 152.2 | 135 | ||||
mean | 97.4 | 86 | 123.4 | 109 | 111.2 | |||
without algae | 4 | 120.0 | 70.6 | 59 | 121.9 | 102 | ||
5 | 75.6 | 63 | 124.7 | 104 | ||||
mean | 73.1 | 61 | 123.3 | 103 | 105.5 |
* 0 h measured: 32.0 mg/L; regarded as outlier, omitted from evaluation.
** 0 h measured : 13.5 mg/L; regarded as outlier, omitted from evaluation.
Above are results if the analytical monitoring of the test substance (1 -hexanol) over the experimental duration in all test concentrations with and without algae. The mean measured test concentrations varied in some cases by more than +/-20% of the nominal values. The results are therefore interpreted with respect to the mean measured values. The values in bold are the values effectively used. All values at time 0 h were taken from the test solution prior to the addition of algae. Samples at time 48h and 72h were taken from the exposure vessels.
Description of key information
(72 h) ErC50 79.7 mg/L, NOEC 11.3 mg/L, ErC10 19.8 mg/l freshwater algae P. subcapitata.
Key value for chemical safety assessment
- EC50 for freshwater algae:
- 79.7 mg/L
- EC10 or NOEC for freshwater algae:
- 19.8 mg/L
Additional information
A 72h ErC50 of 79.7 mg/L, NOEC of 11.3 mg/L and ErC10 of 19.8 mg/L have been determined for the effect of hexan-1-ol on growth rate of Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata. This study has been chosen as key as it reflects the lowest reliable value available for this endpoint.
A study (Bringmann and Kuhn, 1977) has determined a Toxicity Threshold value of 30 mg/L.
Other studies which have been assigned reliability 4 have determined LOECs in the range 18 to 75 mg/L.
Biodegradation by algae
Rapid degradation in water is indicated by the difficulties encountered in long-term toxicity to invertebrates (Daphnia reproduction) test for long chain aliphatic alcohols (Section 6.1.4). Alcohols in the range C10-C15 were found to be rapidly removed from the test medium. This was attributed to metabolism by algae present as a food source in tests, and in later stages of the 21-day tests to bacterial degradation by microbes adsorbed onto the carapace of the test daphnids, despite daily cleaning of the animals.
Discussion of trends in the Category of C6-24 linear and essentially-linear aliphatic alcohols:
The data for single carbon chain length LCAAs show toxicity to increase from an ErC50 of 80 mg/L for C6 to 0.33 mg/L for C12. The C14 and C16 LCAAs were not toxic to algae, indicating a toxicity cut-off at C14 and above. Two of the studies determined NOECs that are suitable for assessing long-term toxicity. A NOEC of 11 mg/L has been reported for hexan-1-ol based on measured exposure concentrations. A test with dodecanol resulted in a 72-h EC0 (equivalent to a NOEC) value of 0.085 mg/L.
Other algal studies used a WAF methodology and/or used test concentrations greater than the limit of water solubility and/or did not report a NOEC or equivalent statistic.
The data for mixed carbon chain length LCAAs (commercial products) shows that substances containing LCAAs with carbon numbers in the ranges of C7-9 to C12-15 exerted toxicity at concentrations of between 3.1 and 0.043-0.092 mg/L. At these concentrations all the constituents are likely to have been fully dissolved. For the C12-18 and C14-15 multi-constituent substances there was evidence of toxic effects in tests conducted on water-accommodated fractions prepared at loading rates that will have exceeded the solubility of some constituents.
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
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