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EC number: 680-227-5 | CAS number: 71449-78-0
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Genetic toxicity: in vitro
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- in vitro gene mutation study in bacteria
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 20 August - 07 October 2002
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- study report
- Title:
- Unnamed
- Year:
- 2 003
- Report date:
- 2003
Materials and methods
Test guidelineopen allclose all
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 471 (Bacterial Reverse Mutation Assay)
- Version / remarks:
- 2000
- Deviations:
- not specified
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- JAPAN: Guidelines for Screening Mutagenicity Testing Of Chemicals
- Deviations:
- not specified
- GLP compliance:
- yes (incl. QA statement)
- Type of assay:
- bacterial reverse mutation assay
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Diphenyl[4-(phenylsulfanyl)phenyl] sulfonium hexafluoroantimonate(1-)
- EC Number:
- 680-227-5
- Cas Number:
- 71449-78-0
- Molecular formula:
- C24H19F6S2Sb
- IUPAC Name:
- Diphenyl[4-(phenylsulfanyl)phenyl] sulfonium hexafluoroantimonate(1-)
- Test material form:
- solid: particulate/powder
- Details on test material:
- - Storage condition of test material: Room temperature in the dark.
Constituent 1
Method
Species / strainopen allclose all
- Species / strain / cell type:
- S. typhimurium TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 98 and TA 100
- Species / strain / cell type:
- E. coli WP2 uvr A
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Metabolic activation system:
- S9 Mix
- Test concentrations with justification for top dose:
- Preliminary: (with and without S9) - 0, 0.15, 0.5, 1.5, 5, 15, 50, 150, 500, 1500 and 5000 µg/plate.
Toxicity was observed from 500µg/plate and above TA100 & WP2uvrA strains.
Main study I (Plate incorporation method):
TA100 and TA1535 (presence of S9-mix) - 1.5, 5, 15, 50, 150, 500 and 1500 µg/plate
TA98, TA1535, TA1537 & E. coli (absence of S9-mix) - 5, 15, 50, 150, 500 and 1500 µg/plate
Main study II (Plate incorporation method):
TA100 and TA1535 (presence of S9-mix) - 1.5, 5, 15, 50, 150, 500 and 1500 µg/plate
TA98, TA1535, TA1537 & E. coli (absence of S9-mix) - 5, 15, 50, 150, 500 and 1500 µg/plate
Main study III (Plate incorporation method):
TA1537 ( with /without S9) - 50, 100, 150 and 200 µg/plate - Vehicle / solvent:
- - Vehicle(s)/solvent(s) used: DMSO
- Justification for choice of solvent/vehicle: guideline recommended
Controls
- Untreated negative controls:
- not specified
- Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
- yes
- True negative controls:
- not specified
- Positive controls:
- yes
- Positive control substance:
- 4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide
- 9-aminoacridine
- N-ethyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine
- benzo(a)pyrene
- other: 2-Aminoanthracene
- Details on test system and experimental conditions:
- METHOD OF APPLICATION: plate incorporation
- Cell density at seeding (if applicable): n/a
DURATION
- Preincubation period: n/a
- Exposure duration: 48 h (both methods) at 37°C
- Expression time (cells in growth medium): 48 h
- Selection time (if incubation with a selection agent): n/a
- Fixation time (start of exposure up to fixation or harvest of cells): n/a
SELECTION AGENT (mutation assays): n/a
SPINDLE INHIBITOR (cytogenetic assays): n/a
STAIN (for cytogenetic assays): n/a
NUMBER OF REPLICATIONS: 3
METHODS OF SLIDE PREPARATION AND STAINING TECHNIQUE USED: n/a
NUMBER OF CELLS EVALUATED: n/a
NUMBER OF METAPHASE SPREADS ANALYSED PER DOSE (if in vitro cytogenicity study in mammalian cells): n/a
CRITERIA FOR MICRONUCLEUS IDENTIFICATION: n/a
DETERMINATION OF CYTOTOXICITY
- Method: presence of bacterial lawn
- Any supplementary information relevant to cytotoxicity: Measurement of toxicity and precipitation
OTHER EXAMINATIONS: n/a
- Determination of polyploidy:n/a
- Determination of endoreplication: n/a
- Methods, such as kinetochore antibody binding, to characterize whether micronuclei contain whole or fragmented chromosomes (if applicable): n/a
- OTHER: - Rationale for test conditions:
- The study was based on the in vitro (pre-incubation and plate incorporation methods) technique described by Ames et al (1975), Maron and Ames (1983), in which mutagenic effects are determined by exposing mutant strains of Salmonella typhimurium to various concentrations of the test item. These strains have a deleted excision repair mechanism which makes them more sensitive to various mutagens and they will not grow on media which does not contain histidine. When large numbers of these organisms are exposed to a mutagen, reverse mutation to the original histidine independent form takes place. These are readily detectable due to their ability to grow on a histidine deficient medium. Using these strains of Salmonella typhimurium revertants may be produced after exposure to a chemical mutagen, which have arisen as a result of a base-pair substitution in the genetic material (miscoding) or as a frameshift mutation in which genetic material is either added or deleted. Additionally, a mutant strain of Escherichia coli (WP2uvrA) which requires tryptophan and can be reverse mutated by base substitution to tryptophan independence is used to complement the Salmonella strains.very times): not stated
- Evaluation criteria:
- The test material is considered positive if it induced a reproducible dose-related and statistically (Dunnett’s Method of linear regression (5)) significant increase in the revertant count in at least one strain of bacteria.
- Statistics:
- Dunnett’s Method of linear regression (5)
Results and discussion
Test resultsopen allclose all
- Key result
- Species / strain:
- S. typhimurium TA 98
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Genotoxicity:
- negative
- Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
- cytotoxicity
- Vehicle controls validity:
- valid
- Untreated negative controls validity:
- valid
- Positive controls validity:
- valid
- Key result
- Species / strain:
- S. typhimurium TA 100
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Genotoxicity:
- negative
- Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
- cytotoxicity
- Vehicle controls validity:
- valid
- Untreated negative controls validity:
- valid
- Positive controls validity:
- valid
- Key result
- Species / strain:
- S. typhimurium TA 1535
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Genotoxicity:
- negative
- Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
- cytotoxicity
- Vehicle controls validity:
- valid
- Untreated negative controls validity:
- valid
- Positive controls validity:
- valid
- Key result
- Species / strain:
- S. typhimurium TA 1537
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Genotoxicity:
- positive
- Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
- cytotoxicity
- Vehicle controls validity:
- valid
- Untreated negative controls validity:
- valid
- Positive controls validity:
- valid
- Key result
- Species / strain:
- E. coli WP2 uvr A
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Genotoxicity:
- negative
- Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
- cytotoxicity
- Vehicle controls validity:
- valid
- Untreated negative controls validity:
- valid
- Positive controls validity:
- valid
- Additional information on results:
- TEST-SPECIFIC CONFOUNDING FACTORS
- Effects of pH: not examined
- Effects of osmolality: not examined
- Evaporation from medium: not examined
- Water solubility: not examined
- Precipitation: none
- Definition of acceptable cells for analysis: All bacterial strains must have demonstrated the required characteristics as determined by their respective strain checks according to Ames et al (1975), Maron and Ames (1983) and Mortelmans and Zeiger (2000).
- Other confounding effects: no
RANGE-FINDING/SCREENING STUDIES: In the range-finding test (preincoporation method) the test item caused a toxicity in TA100 and WP2uvrA at 500 μg/plate and over in the absence and presence of S9-mix.
CYTOKINESIS BLOCK (if used)
- Distribution of mono-, bi- and multi-nucleated cells: n/a
NUMBER OF CELLS WITH MICRONUCLEI
- Number of cells for each treated and control culture: n/a
- Indication whether binucleate or mononucleate where appropriate: n/a
HISTORICAL CONTROL DATA (with ranges, means and standard deviation and confidence interval (e.g. 95%)
- Positive historical control data: Yes
- Negative (solvent/vehicle) historical control data: Yes
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON CYTOTOXICITY:
- Measurement of cytotoxicity used: presence of bacterial lawn
- Other observations when applicable: no - Remarks on result:
- other: Not mutagenic
Any other information on results incl. tables
Table 1. Summary results: Range-finder study with and without metabolic activation
Test period |
12 - 20THSep 2002 |
|||||
With or without S9 mix |
Dose mg/plate |
Mean No. Revertant colonies/plste |
||||
Base-pair substitution type |
Frame-shift type |
|||||
TA100+ |
TA1535 |
WP2uvrA |
TA98 |
TA1537 |
||
-S9 |
0 |
74 |
15 |
20 |
25 |
9 |
1.5 |
81 |
NT |
NT |
NT |
NT |
|
5 |
83 |
15 |
21 |
16 |
9 |
|
15 |
67 |
16 |
16 |
15 |
8 |
|
50 |
85 |
16 |
19 |
21 |
17* |
|
150 |
53 |
10 |
19 |
18 |
180$$$ |
|
500 |
0T |
0T |
15T |
12T |
0T |
|
1500 |
0T |
0T |
0T |
0T |
0T |
|
+S9 |
0 |
82 |
14 |
28 |
27 |
17 |
1.5 |
79 |
11 |
NT |
NT |
NT |
|
5 |
78 |
14 |
19 |
33 |
12 |
|
15 |
85 |
14 |
28 |
27 |
9 |
|
50 |
87 |
13 |
16 |
25 |
17 |
|
150 |
57T |
13 |
22 |
35 |
90$$$ |
|
500 |
0T |
0T |
14T |
17T |
0T |
|
1500 |
0T |
0T |
0T |
0T |
0T |
|
Positive control -S9 |
Name |
ENNG |
ENNG |
ENNG |
4NQO |
9AA |
Dose mg/plate |
3.0 |
5.0 |
2.0 |
0.2 |
80.0 |
|
No. Colonies/plate |
449 |
223 |
362 |
218 |
1377 |
|
Positive control +S9 |
Name |
2AA |
2AA |
BP |
2AA |
2AA |
Dose mg/plate |
1.0 |
2.0 |
10.0 |
5.0 |
2.0 |
|
No. Colonies/plate |
1416 |
433 |
907 |
325 |
603 |
Table 2. Summary results: Main study with and without metabolic activation
Test period |
26 -29thSept 2002 |
|||||
With or without S9 mix |
Dosemg/plate |
No. Revertant colonies/plste |
||||
Base-pair substitution type |
Frame-shift type |
|||||
TA100 |
TA1535 |
WP2uvrA |
TA98 |
TA1537 |
||
-S9 |
0 |
100 |
24 |
27 |
21 |
12 |
1.5 |
94 |
NT |
NT |
NT |
NT |
|
5 |
83 |
11 |
23 |
18 |
9 |
|
15 |
83 |
14 |
23 |
22 |
5 |
|
50 |
69 |
14 |
19 |
17 |
11 |
|
150 |
57 |
10 |
13 |
20 |
53$$ |
|
500 |
0T |
0T |
15T |
11T |
0T |
|
1500 |
0T |
0T |
0T |
0T |
0T |
|
+S9 |
0 |
89 |
14 |
30 |
35 |
14 |
1.5 |
77 |
15 |
NT |
NT |
NT |
|
5 |
72 |
12 |
25 |
28 |
11 |
|
15 |
85 |
10 |
26 |
25 |
13 |
|
50 |
71 |
12 |
24 |
31 |
9 |
|
150 |
49 |
17 |
22 |
30 |
45$$ |
|
500 |
0T |
0T |
16T |
14T |
0T |
|
1500 |
0T |
0T |
0T |
0T |
0T |
|
Positive control -S9 |
Name |
ENNG |
ENNG |
ENNG |
4NQO |
9AA |
Dosemg/plate |
3.0 |
5.0 |
2.0 |
0.2 |
80.0 |
|
No. Colonies/plate |
386 |
338 |
423 |
309 |
3003 |
|
Positive control +S9 |
Name |
2AA |
2AA |
BP |
2AA |
2AA |
Dosemg/plate |
1.0 |
2.0 |
10.0 |
5.0 |
2.0 |
|
No. Colonies/plate |
1195 |
450 |
621 |
268 |
550 |
Table 3. Summary results: Confirmatory study with and without metabolic activation (Plate incorporation method)
Test Period |
4 – 7 Oct 2002 |
Test Period |
4 – 7 Oct 2002 |
||
With or without S9 |
Test Item Dose mg/plate |
With or without S9 |
With or without S9 |
Test Item Dose mg/plate |
Mean no. colonies per plate |
Frameshift type TA1537 |
Frameshift type TA1537 |
||||
-S9 |
0 |
5 |
+S9 |
0 |
20 |
50 |
6 |
50 |
15 |
||
100 |
19$$$ |
100 |
18 |
||
150 |
12** |
150 |
9 |
||
200 |
6 |
200 |
9 |
||
Positive control -S9 |
Name |
9AA |
Positive control +S9 |
Name |
2AA |
Dosemg/plate |
80 |
Dosemg/plate |
2 |
||
colonies per plate |
2332 |
colonies per plate |
140 |
9AA = 9-Aminoacridine
2AA = 2-Aminoanthracene
BP = Benzo (a)pyrene
C= Contaminated
NT = Not tested at this dose level
T = Partial absence of background lawn
** p =< 0.01
$$$ =< 0.005
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- Under the conditions of the test the substance was considered to be weakly mutagenic in TA1537 with and without metabolic activation.
- Executive summary:
OECD 471 (2003): The test substance, CPI-2, was tested to evaluate its mutagenic potential using both pre-incubation and plate incorporation methods by measuring its ability to induce reverse mutations at selected loci of several strains of Salmonella typhimurium (TA98, TA100, TA1535 & TA1537) and at the tryptophan locus of Escherichia coli strain WP2 uvrA in the presence and absence of an exogenous metabolic activation system. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was used as the vehicle.
Doses selected for the mutagenicity assay were 5 - 1500 μg per plate, based on data generated in preliminary study where growth inhibition was observed at 500 μg per plate in all TA100 and TA1535 strains. An insufficient number of non-toxic dose levels were achieved in tester strains TA100 (+/- S9) and TA1535 (+S9), therefore, the experiment was repeated with dose range of 1.5 - 1500 μg per plate. A third confirmatory experiment was conducted using TA1537 at concentration of 50, 100, 150 & 200 μg per plate in an effort to confirm both dose-response relation and reproducibility using the direct plate and pre-incubation methods. All criteria for a valid study were met as described in the protocol.
Visible reduction in the growth of bacterial background lawn and or a decrease in revertant colony frequency to TA100 at and above 150 μg per plate and to all of the remaining tester strains from 500 μg per plate. No precipitation was observed at any dose level with and without S9 mix. In the range finder study, significant increase in revertant colony frequency to TA1537 at 150 μg per plate (+/- S9) and at 50 μg per plate (-S9). Similar effects was also observed in the main study at 150 μg per plate although the increase was slightly lower than dose range finder. The Confirmatory result did not show any statistical increase in revertant colony using the pre-incubation but signifigant statistical increase was observed using the plate incorporation at doses of 100 and 150 μg per plate (-S9) and visible reduction in bacterial background growth at 200 μg per plate.
No dose dependent increases were observed in other tester strain with or without metabolic activation. The test item was considered weakly mutagenic in bacterial reverse mutation assay without metabolic activation in tester strain TA1537.
Under the conditions of this study, test item met the criteria for classification for mutagenicity in accordance with Globally Harmonized Classification System and to the Regulation (EC) No. 1272/2008; relating to the Classification, Labelling and Packaging of Substances and Mixture.
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