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EC number: 269-041-1 | CAS number: 68186-45-8
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Repeated dose toxicity: inhalation
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- short-term repeated dose toxicity: inhalation
- Data waiving:
- other justification
- Justification for data waiving:
- other:
Cross-reference
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- data waiving: supporting information
Reference
- Endpoint:
- vapour pressure
- Type of information:
- (Q)SAR
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- results derived from a valid (Q)SAR model, but not (completely) falling into its applicability domain, with adequate and reliable documentation / justification
- Justification for type of information:
- QSAR prediction from an well known and acknowledged tool. See below under 'Overall remarks, attachments' for applicability domain.
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- other: REACH guidance on QSARs: Chapter R.6. QSARs and grouping of chemicals
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Since the test substance is a UVCB with similar constituents varying mainly in carbon chain lengths, the vapour pressure values were estimated for the individual components followed by the determination of an overall weighted-average value using the mole fractions of all the individual components.
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- Input data for the model: Representative SMILES of the individual constituents:
1. C8: CCCCCCCCOP(O)(O)=O
2. C10: CCCCCCCCCCOP(O)(O)=O
3. C8-10: CCCCCCCCCCOP(O)(=O)OCCCCCCCC
4. Pyrophosphoric acid: OP(=O)(O)OP(=O)(O)O
5. Decanol: CCCCCCCCCCO
6. Octanol: CCCCCCCCO
See section 1.2 for composition details. - Key result
- Test no.:
- #1
- Temp.:
- ca. 25 °C
- Vapour pressure:
- ca. 0.585 Pa
- Remarks on result:
- other: QSAR prediction by EPI Suite
- Remarks:
- MPBPVP model - Modified Grain Method - Weighted average value
- Conclusions:
- Using the Modified Grain method of the MPBPWIN v1.43 program (EPI Suite v4.11), the estimated vapoure pressure for the individual constituents ranged from 4.93E-7 to 13.2 Pa, leading to a weighted average vapour pressure value of the test substance at 0.585 Pa and indicating low volatility.
- Executive summary:
The vapour pressure (VP) value for the test substance, mono- and di- C8-10 PSE, were estimated using the Modified Grain method of the MPBPWIN v1.43 program , EPI Suite v4.11. Since the test substance is a UVCB with similar constituents varying mainly in carbon chain lengths, the vapour pressure values were estimated for the individual components followed by the determination of an overall weighted-average value using the mole fractions of all the individual components. SMILES codes were used as the input parameter for the vapour pressure estimation for the individual constituents. The estimated vapoure pressure for the individual constituents ranged from 4.93E-7 to 13.2 Pa, leading to a weighted average vapour pressure value of the test substance at 0.585 Pa (US EPA, 2018) and indicating low volatility (ECHA R.7c, 2017). The estimates for the major constituents are considered to be reliable with restrictions, as they do not completely fall within of the applicability domain.
QSAR prediction full results
Chemical names | SMILES | Mole fraction Xi = (mi/Mi)/∑ (mi/Mi) | Vp (Pa) | Vp*xi | Domain evaluation |
C8 | CCCCCCCCOP(O)(O)=O | 0.284185615 | 3.92E-05 | 1.11E-05 | ID (Molecular weight and melting point), OD (Boiling point, vapor pressure) |
C10 | CCCCCCCCCCOP(O)(O)=O | 0.264393883 | 8.26E-06 | 2.18E-06 | ID (Molecular weight and melting point), OD (Boiling point, vapor pressure) |
C8-10 | CCCCCCCCCCOP(O)(=O)OCCCCCCCC | 0.377310163 | 4.93E-07 | 1.86E-07 | ID (Molecular weight and melting point), OD (Boiling point, vapor pressure) |
Decanol | CCCCCCCCCCO | 0.03345137 | 1.45E+00 | 4.85E-02 | ID (Molecular weight and melting point, Vapoure pressure), OD (Boiling point) |
Octanol | CCCCCCCCO | 0.040658968 | 1.32E+01 | 5.37E-01 | ID (Molecular weight and melting point, Boiling point, vapor pressure) |
1.0000000 | 0.585 |
VP | ||||
Experimental Database Structure Match: no data | ||||
SMILES : CCCCCCCCCCOP(O)(O)=O | ||||
CHEM : | ||||
MOL FOR: C10 H23 O4 P1 | MW (Training set) | MW (Validation) | ||
MOL WT : 238.27 | ID | 16.04 | 943.17 | |
------------------------ SUMMARY MPBPWIN v1.43 -------------------- | ||||
BP cut off (deg C) | ||||
Boiling Point: 384.71 deg C (Adapted Stein and Brown Method) | OD | 226.85 | ||
Melting Point: 75.00 deg C (Adapted Joback Method) | ||||
Melting Point: 110.97 deg C (Gold and Ogle Method) | ||||
Mean Melt Pt : 92.98 deg C (Joback; Gold,Ogle Methods) | MP cut off | |||
Selected MP: 83.99 deg C (Weighted Value) | ID | 350 deg C | ||
Vapor Pressure Estimations (25 deg C): | ||||
(Using BP: 384.71 deg C (estimated)) | ||||
(Using MP: 83.99 deg C (estimated)) | ||||
VP: 1.25E-008 mm Hg (Antoine Method) | ||||
: 1.66E-006 Pa (Antoine Method) | ||||
VP: 6.19E-008 mm Hg (Modified Grain Method) | ||||
: 8.26E-006 Pa (Modified Grain Method) | ||||
VP: 1.04E-005 mm Hg (Mackay Method) | ||||
: 0.00138 Pa (Mackay Method) | ||||
Selected VP: 6.19E-008 mm Hg (Modified Grain Method) | VP cut off | |||
: 8.26E-006 Pa (Modified Grain Method) | OD | 0.0001333 Pa | ||
Subcooled liquid VP: 2.27E-007 mm Hg (25 deg C, Mod-Grain method) | ||||
: 3.03E-005 Pa (25 deg C, Mod-Grain method) | ||||
-------+-----+--------------------+----------+--------- | ||||
TYPE | NUM | BOIL DESCRIPTION | COEFF | VALUE | ||||
-------+-----+--------------------+----------+--------- | ||||
Group | 1 | -CH3 | 21.98 | 21.98 | ||||
Group | 9 | -CH2- | 24.22 | 217.98 | ||||
Group | 2 | -OH (alcohol) | 106.27 | 212.54 | ||||
Group | 1 | -O- (nonring) | 25.16 | 25.16 | ||||
Group | 1 | O=P< | 107.23 | 107.23 | ||||
* | | Equation Constant | | 198.18 | ||||
=============+====================+==========+========= | ||||
RESULT-uncorr| BOILING POINT in deg Kelvin | 783.07 | ||||
RESULT- corr | BOILING POINT in deg Kelvin | 657.87 | ||||
| BOILING POINT in deg C | 384.71 | ||||
------------------------------------------------------- | ||||
-------+-----+--------------------+----------+--------- | ||||
TYPE | NUM | MELT DESCRIPTION | COEFF | VALUE | ||||
-------+-----+--------------------+----------+--------- | ||||
Group | 1 | -CH3 | -5.10 | -5.10 | ||||
Group | 9 | -CH2- | 11.27 | 101.43 | ||||
Group | 2 | -OH (alcohol) | 44.45 | 88.90 | ||||
Group | 1 | -O- (nonring) | 22.23 | 22.23 | ||||
Group | 1 | O=P< | 50.00 | 50.00 | ||||
* | | Equation Constant | | 122.50 | ||||
=============+====================+==========+========= | ||||
RESULT | MELTING POINT in deg Kelvin | 379.96 | ||||
Special-limit| MELTING POINT in deg Kelvin | 348.16 | ||||
| MELTING POINT in deg C | 75.00 | ||||
------------------------------------------------------- | ||||
Experimental Database Structure Match: no data | ||||
SMILES : CCCCCCCCCCOP(O)(=O)OCCCCCCCC | ||||
CHEM : | ||||
MOL FOR: C18 H39 O4 P1 | MW (Training set) | MW (Validation) | ||
MOL WT : 350.48 | ID | 16.04 | 943.17 | |
------------------------ SUMMARY MPBPWIN v1.43 -------------------- | ||||
BP cut off (deg C) | ||||
Boiling Point: 437.61 deg C (Adapted Stein and Brown Method) | OD | 226.85 | ||
Melting Point: 75.00 deg C (Adapted Joback Method) | ||||
Melting Point: 141.86 deg C (Gold and Ogle Method) | ||||
Mean Melt Pt : 108.43 deg C (Joback; Gold,Ogle Methods) | MP cut off | |||
Selected MP: 86.14 deg C (Weighted Value) | ID | 350 deg C | ||
Vapor Pressure Estimations (25 deg C): | ||||
(Using BP: 437.61 deg C (estimated)) | ||||
(Using MP: 86.14 deg C (estimated)) | ||||
VP: 2.14E-010 mm Hg (Antoine Method) | ||||
: 2.85E-008 Pa (Antoine Method) | ||||
VP: 3.7E-009 mm Hg (Modified Grain Method) | ||||
: 4.93E-007 Pa (Modified Grain Method) | ||||
VP: 5.18E-007 mm Hg (Mackay Method) | ||||
: 6.91E-005 Pa (Mackay Method) | ||||
Selected VP: 3.7E-009 mm Hg (Modified Grain Method) | VP cut off | |||
: 4.93E-007 Pa (Modified Grain Method) | OD | 0.0001333 Pa | ||
Subcooled liquid VP: 1.43E-008 mm Hg (25 deg C, Mod-Grain method) | ||||
: 1.9E-006 Pa (25 deg C, Mod-Grain method) | ||||
-------+-----+--------------------+----------+--------- | ||||
TYPE | NUM | BOIL DESCRIPTION | COEFF | VALUE | ||||
-------+-----+--------------------+----------+--------- | ||||
Group | 2 | -CH3 | 21.98 | 43.96 | ||||
Group | 16 | -CH2- | 24.22 | 387.52 | ||||
Group | 1 | -OH (alcohol) | 106.27 | 106.27 | ||||
Group | 2 | -O- (nonring) | 25.16 | 50.32 | ||||
Group | 1 | O=P< | 107.23 | 107.23 | ||||
* | | Equation Constant | | 198.18 | ||||
=============+====================+==========+========= | ||||
RESULT-uncorr| BOILING POINT in deg Kelvin | 893.48 | ||||
RESULT- corr | BOILING POINT in deg Kelvin | 710.77 | ||||
| BOILING POINT in deg C | 437.61 | ||||
------------------------------------------------------- | ||||
-------+-----+--------------------+----------+--------- | ||||
TYPE | NUM | MELT DESCRIPTION | COEFF | VALUE | ||||
-------+-----+--------------------+----------+--------- | ||||
Group | 2 | -CH3 | -5.10 | -10.20 | ||||
Group | 16 | -CH2- | 11.27 | 180.32 | ||||
Group | 1 | -OH (alcohol) | 44.45 | 44.45 | ||||
Group | 2 | -O- (nonring) | 22.23 | 44.46 | ||||
Group | 1 | O=P< | 50.00 | 50.00 | ||||
* | | Equation Constant | | 122.50 | ||||
=============+====================+==========+========= | ||||
RESULT | MELTING POINT in deg Kelvin | 431.53 | ||||
Special-limit| MELTING POINT in deg Kelvin | 348.16 | ||||
| MELTING POINT in deg C | 75.00 | ||||
------------------------------------------------------- | ||||
Experimental Database Structure Match: | ||||
Name : 1-DECANOL | ||||
CAS Num : 000112-30-1 | ||||
Exp MP (deg C): 6.9 | ||||
Exp BP (deg C): 231.1 | ||||
Exp VP (mm Hg): 8.51E-03 | ||||
(Pa ): 1.13E+000 | ||||
Exp VP (deg C): 25 | ||||
Exp VP ref : DAUBERT,TE & DANNER,RP (1989) | ||||
SMILES : CCCCCCCCCCO | ||||
CHEM : | ||||
MOL FOR: C10 H22 O1 | MW (Training set) | MW (Validation) | ||
MOL WT : 158.29 | ID | 16.04 | 943.17 | |
------------------------ SUMMARY MPBPWIN v1.43 -------------------- | ||||
BP cut off (deg C) | ||||
Boiling Point: 238.62 deg C (Adapted Stein and Brown Method) | OD | 226.85 | ||
Melting Point: -9.88 deg C (Adapted Joback Method) | ||||
Melting Point: 25.67 deg C (Gold and Ogle Method) | ||||
Mean Melt Pt : 7.89 deg C (Joback; Gold,Ogle Methods) | MP cut off | |||
Selected MP: 7.89 deg C (Mean Value) | ID | 350 deg C | ||
Vapor Pressure Estimations (25 deg C): | ||||
(Using BP: 231.10 deg C (exp database)) | ||||
(MP not used for liquids) | ||||
VP: 0.0116 mm Hg (Antoine Method) | ||||
: 1.54 Pa (Antoine Method) | ||||
VP: 0.0101 mm Hg (Modified Grain Method) | ||||
: 1.35 Pa (Modified Grain Method) | ||||
VP: 0.12 mm Hg (Mackay Method) | ||||
: 15.9 Pa (Mackay Method) | ||||
Selected VP: 0.0109 mm Hg (Mean of Antoine & Grain methods) | VP cut off | |||
: 1.45 Pa (Mean of Antoine & Grain methods) | ID | 0.0001333 Pa | ||
-------+-----+--------------------+----------+--------- | ||||
TYPE | NUM | BOIL DESCRIPTION | COEFF | VALUE | ||||
-------+-----+--------------------+----------+--------- | ||||
Group | 1 | -CH3 | 21.98 | 21.98 | ||||
Group | 9 | -CH2- | 24.22 | 217.98 | ||||
Group | 1 | -OH (primary) | 88.46 | 88.46 | ||||
* | | Equation Constant | | 198.18 | ||||
=============+====================+==========+========= | ||||
RESULT-uncorr| BOILING POINT in deg Kelvin | 526.60 | ||||
RESULT- corr | BOILING POINT in deg Kelvin | 511.78 | ||||
| BOILING POINT in deg C | 238.62 | ||||
------------------------------------------------------- | ||||
-------+-----+--------------------+----------+--------- | ||||
TYPE | NUM | MELT DESCRIPTION | COEFF | VALUE | ||||
-------+-----+--------------------+----------+--------- | ||||
Group | 1 | -CH3 | -5.10 | -5.10 | ||||
Group | 9 | -CH2- | 11.27 | 101.43 | ||||
Group | 1 | -OH (primary) | 44.45 | 44.45 | ||||
* | | Equation Constant | | 122.50 | ||||
=============+====================+==========+========= | ||||
RESULT | MELTING POINT in deg Kelvin | 263.28 | ||||
| MELTING POINT in deg C | -9.88 | ||||
------------------------------------------------------- | ||||
Experimental Database Structure Match: | ||||
Name : 1-OCTANOL | ||||
CAS Num : 000111-87-5 | ||||
Exp MP (deg C): -15.5 | ||||
Exp BP (deg C): 195.1 | ||||
Exp VP (mm Hg): 7.94E-02 | ||||
(Pa ): 1.06E+001 | ||||
Exp VP (deg C): 25 | ||||
Exp VP ref : DAUBERT,TE & DANNER,RP (1989) | ||||
SMILES : CCCCCCCCO | ||||
CHEM : | ||||
MOL FOR: C8 H18 O1 | MW (Training set) | MW (Validation) | ||
MOL WT : 130.23 | ID | 16.04 | 943.17 | |
------------------------ SUMMARY MPBPWIN v1.43 -------------------- | ||||
BP cut off (deg C) | ||||
Boiling Point: 200.67 deg C (Adapted Stein and Brown Method) | ID | 226.85 | ||
Melting Point: -32.42 deg C (Adapted Joback Method) | ||||
Melting Point: 3.51 deg C (Gold and Ogle Method) | ||||
Mean Melt Pt : -14.46 deg C (Joback; Gold,Ogle Methods) | MP cut off | |||
Selected MP: -14.46 deg C (Mean Value) | ID | 350 deg C | ||
Vapor Pressure Estimations (25 deg C): | ||||
(Using BP: 195.10 deg C (exp database)) | ||||
(MP not used for liquids) | ||||
VP: 0.109 mm Hg (Antoine Method) | ||||
: 14.6 Pa (Antoine Method) | ||||
VP: 0.0886 mm Hg (Modified Grain Method) | ||||
: 11.8 Pa (Modified Grain Method) | ||||
VP: 0.674 mm Hg (Mackay Method) | ||||
: 89.9 Pa (Mackay Method) | ||||
Selected VP: 0.099 mm Hg (Mean of Antoine & Grain methods) | VP cut off | |||
: 13.2 Pa (Mean of Antoine & Grain methods) | ID | 0.0001333 Pa | ||
-------+-----+--------------------+----------+--------- | ||||
TYPE | NUM | BOIL DESCRIPTION | COEFF | VALUE | ||||
-------+-----+--------------------+----------+--------- | ||||
Group | 1 | -CH3 | 21.98 | 21.98 | ||||
Group | 7 | -CH2- | 24.22 | 169.54 | ||||
Group | 1 | -OH (primary) | 88.46 | 88.46 | ||||
* | | Equation Constant | | 198.18 | ||||
=============+====================+==========+========= | ||||
RESULT-uncorr| BOILING POINT in deg Kelvin | 478.16 | ||||
RESULT- corr | BOILING POINT in deg Kelvin | 473.83 | ||||
| BOILING POINT in deg C | 200.67 | ||||
------------------------------------------------------- | ||||
-------+-----+--------------------+----------+--------- | ||||
TYPE | NUM | MELT DESCRIPTION | COEFF | VALUE | ||||
-------+-----+--------------------+----------+--------- | ||||
Group | 1 | -CH3 | -5.10 | -5.10 | ||||
Group | 7 | -CH2- | 11.27 | 78.89 | ||||
Group | 1 | -OH (primary) | 44.45 | 44.45 | ||||
* | | Equation Constant | | 122.50 | ||||
=============+====================+==========+========= | ||||
RESULT | MELTING POINT in deg Kelvin | 240.74 | ||||
| MELTING POINT in deg C | -32.42 | ||||
------------------------------------------------------- | ||||
Experimental Database Structure Match: no data | ||||
SMILES : CCCCCCCCOP(O)(O)=O | ||||
CHEM : | ||||
MOL FOR: C8 H19 O4 P1 | MW (Training set) | MW (Validation) | ||
MOL WT : 210.21 | ID | 16.04 | 943.17 | |
------------------------ SUMMARY MPBPWIN v1.43 -------------------- | ||||
BP cut off (deg C) | ||||
Boiling Point: 361.50 deg C (Adapted Stein and Brown Method) | OD | 226.85 | ||
Melting Point: 75.00 deg C (Adapted Joback Method) | ||||
Melting Point: 97.42 deg C (Gold and Ogle Method) | ||||
Mean Melt Pt : 86.21 deg C (Joback; Gold,Ogle Methods) | MP cut off | |||
Selected MP: 86.21 deg C (Mean Value) | ID | 350 deg C | ||
Vapor Pressure Estimations (25 deg C): | ||||
(Using BP: 361.50 deg C (estimated)) | ||||
(Using MP: 86.21 deg C (estimated)) | ||||
VP: 9.29E-008 mm Hg (Antoine Method) | ||||
: 1.24E-005 Pa (Antoine Method) | ||||
VP: 2.94E-007 mm Hg (Modified Grain Method) | ||||
: 3.92E-005 Pa (Modified Grain Method) | ||||
VP: 3.49E-005 mm Hg (Mackay Method) | ||||
: 0.00465 Pa (Mackay Method) | ||||
Selected VP: 2.94E-007 mm Hg (Modified Grain Method) | VP cut off | |||
: 3.92E-005 Pa (Modified Grain Method) | OD | 0.0001333 Pa | ||
Subcooled liquid VP: 1.14E-006 mm Hg (25 deg C, Mod-Grain method) | ||||
: 0.000151 Pa (25 deg C, Mod-Grain method) | ||||
-------+-----+--------------------+----------+--------- | ||||
TYPE | NUM | BOIL DESCRIPTION | COEFF | VALUE | ||||
-------+-----+--------------------+----------+--------- | ||||
Group | 1 | -CH3 | 21.98 | 21.98 | ||||
Group | 7 | -CH2- | 24.22 | 169.54 | ||||
Group | 2 | -OH (alcohol) | 106.27 | 212.54 | ||||
Group | 1 | -O- (nonring) | 25.16 | 25.16 | ||||
Group | 1 | O=P< | 107.23 | 107.23 | ||||
* | | Equation Constant | | 198.18 | ||||
=============+====================+==========+========= | ||||
RESULT-uncorr| BOILING POINT in deg Kelvin | 734.63 | ||||
RESULT- corr | BOILING POINT in deg Kelvin | 634.66 | ||||
| BOILING POINT in deg C | 361.50 | ||||
------------------------------------------------------- | ||||
-------+-----+--------------------+----------+--------- | ||||
TYPE | NUM | MELT DESCRIPTION | COEFF | VALUE | ||||
-------+-----+--------------------+----------+--------- | ||||
Group | 1 | -CH3 | -5.10 | -5.10 | ||||
Group | 7 | -CH2- | 11.27 | 78.89 | ||||
Group | 2 | -OH (alcohol) | 44.45 | 88.90 | ||||
Group | 1 | -O- (nonring) | 22.23 | 22.23 | ||||
Group | 1 | O=P< | 50.00 | 50.00 | ||||
* | | Equation Constant | | 122.50 | ||||
=============+====================+==========+========= | ||||
RESULT | MELTING POINT in deg Kelvin | 357.42 | ||||
Special-limit| MELTING POINT in deg Kelvin | 348.16 | ||||
| MELTING POINT in deg C | 75.00 | ||||
------------------------------------------------------- |
Data source
Materials and methods
Results and discussion
Applicant's summary and conclusion
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
Reproduction or further distribution of this information may be subject to copyright protection. Use of the information without obtaining the permission from the owner(s) of the respective information might violate the rights of the owner.