Registration Dossier
Registration Dossier
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EC number: 215-202-6 | CAS number: 1313-13-9
Endpoint summary
Administrative data
Description of key information
Available data on occupational exposure in SIDS Dossier of MnO2 approved at SIAM 25 (17 -18 October 2007)
Additional information
Sensitization data
Not reliable study is available on skin sensitization in animals. One study in humans is available. 190 workers (119 females and 71 males) from 5 ceramics factories underwent dermatological and allergological examination, using occupational patch test series. (see Motolese et al., Contact dermatitis and contact sensitization among enamellers and decorators in the ceramics industry, Contact Dermatitis, 28(2): 59-62, 1993). From this study manganese dioxide caused sensitization only in the two ceramic workers.
Chronic inhalation:
Two studies refer about chronic inhalation effects of manganese dioxide on human.
1st study: As reported in SIDS Dossier of MnO2 approved at SIAM 25 (17 -18 October 2007) with reference to Lloyd-Davies, Manganese pneumonitis,British Journal of Industrial Medicine, 3: 111-135, 1946 chronic inhalation of manganese dioxide particulates induced an increased incidence of pneumonitis and pneumonia in some manganese-exposed worker populations. These were characterized by an infiltration of macrophages and leukocytes which phagocytize the deposited manganese. Damage to lung tissue is usually not extensive but may include local areas of edema. Symptoms and signs of lung irritation and injury may include cough, bronchitis, pneumonitis, and minor reductions in lung function.
2nd study: As reported in SIDS Dossier of MnO2 approved at SIAM 25 (17 -18 October 2007) with reference to Roels et all, Assessment of the permissible exposure level to manganese in workers exposed to manganese dioxide dust,British Journal of Industrial Medicine,49: 25-34, 1992 chronic inhalation exposure to manganese dioxide dust causes damage on central nervous system. Workers in a dry alkaline battery factory exhibited impaired visual reaction time, hand-eye coordination, and hand steadiness when exposed to MnO2 at the concentrations of total dust ranging from 0.046 to 10.840 mg Mn/m^3 and in respirable dust from 0.021 to 1.32 mg Mn/m^3 (exposure periods ranged from 0.2 to 17.7 years).
These two studies on human support the toxicity of MnO2 for inhalation acute toxicity cat.4.
Effects on Fertility:
Two studies refer about effect on fertility of manganese dioxide on human. In human, firm conclusions on the reproductive toxicity of manganese dioxide cannot be made due to the equivocal fertility data reported for male and the lack in data for female.
1st study: The 70 male workers were exposed to manganese dioxide at a median concentration of 0.71 mg Mn/m^3 in total dust for an average of 6.2 years in a dry alkaline battery plant (see Gennart et al., Fertility of male workers exposed to cadmium, lead, or manganese, American Journal of Epidemiology. 135(11):1208-19, 1992 mentioned in SIDS Dossier of MnO2 approved at SIAM 25 (17 -18 October 2007)). Fertility in these workers and in an unexposed population (n=138) was assessed by examining the birth experiences of their wives through a logistic regression model. Results from a questionnaire answered by the workers and controls in the study and an analysis of birth rates of exposed and control workers revealed no differences in birth rates between the groups. These results in epidemiological studies showed conflicting evidence for whether occupational exposure to manganese causes adverse reproductive effects.
2nd study: A fertility questionnaire was applied to 85 male workers producing manganese salts (dioxide, carbonate, and sulfate) from concentrated ores (see Lauwerys et all, Fertility of male workers exposed to mercury vapor or to manganese dust: A questionnaire study. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 7:171-176, 1985 mentioned in SIDS Dossier of MnO2 approved at SIAM 25 (17 -18 October 2007)) The concentrations of airborne manganese dust at different workplaces were ranged from 0.07 to 8.61 mg/m^3 (n=80) with a geometrical mean of 0.94 mg/m^3. On the average, blood manganese levels in the workers exposed to manganese are 2.3 times higher than those in the control workers. Manganese levels in urine fluctuate much more than those in blood. The median values in the control and exposed groups are 0.16 and 1.17 µg/g creatinine respectively. The manganese-exposed workers exhibited a statistically significant deficit in the numbers of children during their exposure-period by comparison with their corresponding controls.
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