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EC number: 231-768-7 | CAS number: 7723-14-0
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Exposure related observations in humans: other data
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- exposure-related observations in humans: other data
- Type of information:
- other: review
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Published article discussing historical exposure to white phosphorus
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Classical Syndromes in Occupational Medicine Phosphorus Necrosis - A Classical Occupational Disease
- Author:
- Felton JS
- Year:
- 1 982
- Bibliographic source:
- American Journal of Industrial Medicine 3: 77-120
Materials and methods
- Type of study / information:
- The paper discusses occurrence of phosphorus necrosis, a historical occupational disease arising from the match making industry
- Endpoint addressed:
- repeated dose toxicity: oral
- repeated dose toxicity: inhalation
- repeated dose toxicity: dermal
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- no guideline followed
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- The paper discusses the history of the occupational disease phosphorus necrosis.
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Remarks:
- : not applicable
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Phosphorus
- EC Number:
- 231-768-7
- EC Name:
- Phosphorus
- Cas Number:
- 7723-14-0
- Molecular formula:
- P
- IUPAC Name:
- phosphorus
- Test material form:
- solid
- Details on test material:
- Elemental phosphorus is often referred to as yellow phsophorus
Constituent 1
Method
- Ethical approval:
- not applicable
- Details on study design:
- Not applicable, the paper reviews historical medical data.
- Exposure assessment:
- not specified
- Details on exposure:
- Subjects were exposed to white phosphorus in the production of matches, mainly in the Victorian era. The majority of workers were female, and children.
Results and discussion
- Results:
- Phosphorus necrosis occurred in people working in the match making industry, particularly those with pre-existing dental problems.
Any other information on results incl. tables
Phosphorus necrosis was a classical occupational disease towards the end of the 19thcentury and in the early 20thcentury. Exposure to phosphorus occurred in match making factories. Symptoms of phosphorus necrosis included various degrees of necrosis of the mandible and/or maxilla, extensive facial swelling, loss of teeth, thick pungent pus exuding from the sites of lost teeth and in some cases from draining fistulae. Coughs and bronchitis were also seen. The effects of phosphorus necrosis, termed ‘phossy jaw’, were seen in workers with periodontal disease, tooth extractions etc. Workers exposed to phosphorus typically exhibited breath and urine that was luminescent in the dark. Phosphorus necrosis usually resulted in death. In cases where death did not occur, survivors were left with terrible disfigurements often involving loss of the entire mandible. Treatment of the disease could include removal of loose teeth and sequestration of affected bone in the jaw. Bone that was removed was reported to resemble pumice stone in appearance.
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- Phosphorus necrosis historically occurred in people working in the match making industry, particularly those with dental problems. The condition has essentially been eradicated through modern industrial hygiene measures.
- Executive summary:
Phosphorus necrosis was a classical occupational disease towards the end of the 19thcentury and in the early 20thcentury. Exposure to phosphorus occurred in match making factories. Symptoms of phosphorus necrosis include; various degrees of necrosis of the mandible and/or maxilla, extensive facial swelling, loss of teeth, thick pungent pus exuding from the sites of lost teeth and in some cases from draining fistulae. Coughs and bronchitis were also seen. The effects of phosphorus necrosis, termed ‘phossy jaw’, were seen in workers with periodontal disease, tooth extractions etc. Workers exposed to phosphorus typically exhibited breath and urine that was luminescent in the dark. Phosphorus necrosis usually resulted in death. In cases where death did not occur, survivors were left with terrible disfigurements often involving loss of the entire mandible. Treatment of the disease could include removal of loose teeth and sequestration of affected bone in the jaw. Bone that was removed was reported to resemble pumice stone in appearance. The authors note that the condition 'phossy jaw' is historical and has essentially been eradicated through modern industrial hygiene measures.
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