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EC number: 254-413-8 | CAS number: 39318-18-8
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
![](https://echa.europa.eu/o/diss-blank-theme/images/factsheets/A-REACH/factsheet/print_toxicological-information.png)
Genetic toxicity: in vitro
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- in vitro gene mutation study in bacteria
- Remarks:
- Type of genotoxicity: gene mutation
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 2003-06-06 to 2003-06-29
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
- Remarks:
- Well documented, scientifically sound study conducted according to GLP and OECD guideline 471 (Bacterial Reverse Mutation Assay).
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- study report
- Title:
- Unnamed
- Year:
- 2 003
- Report date:
- 2003
Materials and methods
Test guidelineopen allclose all
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 471 (Bacterial Reverse Mutation Assay)
- Deviations:
- no
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- EU Method B.13/14 (Mutagenicity - Reverse Mutation Test Using Bacteria)
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Type of assay:
- bacterial reverse mutation assay
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Tungsten oxide
- EC Number:
- 254-413-8
- EC Name:
- Tungsten oxide
- Cas Number:
- 39318-18-8
- Molecular formula:
- WOn (n=2.99 to 2.90)
- IUPAC Name:
- tungsten(6+) trioxidandiide
- Details on test material:
- - Name of test material (as cited in study report): Tungsten Oxide Blue
- Molecular formula (if other than submission substance): WO
- Substance type: Active
- Physical state: Blue to black powder
- Analytical purity: 99.9 %
- Purity test date: 2003-04-15
- Stability under test conditions: 5 years
- Storage condition of test material: Ambient temperature
- Solubility in water: 118 mg/L at 20 degrees C
Constituent 1
Method
- Target gene:
- Histidine locus
Species / strain
- Species / strain / cell type:
- S. typhimurium, other: TA97a, TA98, TA100, TA102 and TA1535
- Additional strain / cell type characteristics:
- other: See additional information on methods below
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Metabolic activation system:
- Aroclor 1254 induced rat liver S9
- Test concentrations with justification for top dose:
- - 62, 185, 556, 1667 and 5000 ug/plate
-The test substance solution of the highest concentration group was prepared by suspending 500 mg of the test substance in 10 mL of 0.5 % carboxymethyl cellulose. The suspensions for the lower concentrations were prepared by subsequent dilution of one volume of the higher concentrated solution with two volumes of 0.5 % carboxymethyl cellulose. The test substance was suspended and diluted immediately before the start of the Ames test. The time between the preparation and the administration to the last petri dish was less than 3 hours. - Vehicle / solvent:
- - Vehicle(s)/solvent(s) used: 0.5 % carboxymethyl cellulose
Controlsopen allclose all
- Untreated negative controls:
- yes
- Remarks:
- Vehicle control
- Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
- yes
- Remarks:
- 0.5 % carboxymethyl cellulose
- True negative controls:
- no
- Remarks:
- N/A
- Positive controls:
- yes
- Remarks:
- N/A
- Positive control substance:
- other: 2-Aminoanthracene- used for tester strains TA98 (1 ug/plate), TA100 (2 ug/plate) and TA1535 ( 2 ug/plate)
- Remarks:
- with metabolic activation
- Untreated negative controls:
- yes
- Remarks:
- Vehicle control
- Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
- yes
- Remarks:
- 0.5 % carboxymethyl cellulose
- True negative controls:
- no
- Positive controls:
- yes
- Positive control substance:
- 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene
- Remarks:
- with metabolic activation Migrated to IUCLID6: used for tester strain TA97a (10 ug/plate)
- Untreated negative controls:
- yes
- Remarks:
- Vehicle control
- Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
- yes
- Remarks:
- 0.5 % carboxymethyl cellulose
- True negative controls:
- no
- Positive controls:
- yes
- Positive control substance:
- other: 1,8-Dihydroxy-anthraquinone- used for tester strain TA102 (50 ug/plate)
- Remarks:
- with metabolic activation
- Untreated negative controls:
- yes
- Remarks:
- Vehicle control
- Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
- yes
- Remarks:
- 0.5 % carboxymethyl cellulose
- True negative controls:
- no
- Positive controls:
- yes
- Positive control substance:
- 2-nitrofluorene
- Remarks:
- without metabolic activation Migrated to IUCLID6: used for tester strain TA98 (2 ug/plate)
- Untreated negative controls:
- yes
- Remarks:
- Vehicle control
- Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
- yes
- Remarks:
- 0.5 % carboxymethyl cellulose
- True negative controls:
- no
- Positive controls:
- yes
- Positive control substance:
- sodium azide
- Remarks:
- without metabolic activation Migrated to IUCLID6: used for tester strains TA100 (2 ug/plate) and TA1535 (1 ug/plate)
- Untreated negative controls:
- yes
- Remarks:
- Vehicle control
- Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
- yes
- Remarks:
- 0.5 % carboxymethyl cellulose
- True negative controls:
- no
- Positive controls:
- yes
- Positive control substance:
- other: 4-Nitro-o-phenylenediamine- used for tester strain TA97a (10 ug/plate)
- Remarks:
- without metabolic activation
- Untreated negative controls:
- yes
- Remarks:
- Vehicle control
- Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
- yes
- Remarks:
- 0.5 % carboxymethyl cellulose
- True negative controls:
- no
- Positive controls:
- yes
- Positive control substance:
- other: t-Butyl-hydroperoxide- used for tester strain TA102 (50 ug/plate)
- Remarks:
- without metabolic activation
- Details on test system and experimental conditions:
- METHOD OF APPLICATION
-In agar (plate incorporation).
DURATION
- Exposure duration: 2 days
- Selection time (if incubation with a selection agent): 2 days
SELECTION AGENT (mutation assays)
-Histidine
NUMBER OF REPLICATIONS
-3 replications were used for the test substance and positive control, and 6 replications were used for the solvent control.
NUMBER OF CELLS EVALUATED
-The number of viable cells in the overnight-cultures was in the range of 2 x E8 cells/mL.
DETERMINATION OF CYTOTOXICITY
- Method: Reduction in bacterial background lawn.
OTHER: The actual batch of the strains was tested for ampicillin resistance (TA102: ampicillin/tetracycline resistance), UV-sensitivity and sensitivity against crystal violet, for spontaneous mutation frequencies and for sensitivities against the positive control substances in September 2000. The bacteria were store frozen since that time. - Evaluation criteria:
- Means and standard deviations were calculated for the number of mutants in every concentration group.
The criteria for a positive result were:
A reproducible increase of the number of revertants to more than the following threshold values for at least one of the concentrations:
-For the strains with a low spontaneous revertant rate (TA98 and TA1535): 2 1/2 fold of the amount of the spontaneous revertants.
-For the strains with a high spontaneous revertant rate (TA97a, TA100 and TA1020: 1 2/3 fold of the amount of the spontaneous revertants.
Results and discussion
Test resultsopen allclose all
- Key result
- Species / strain:
- S. typhimurium TA 98
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Genotoxicity:
- negative
- Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
- no cytotoxicity nor precipitates, but tested up to recommended limit concentrations
- Vehicle controls validity:
- valid
- Untreated negative controls validity:
- not applicable
- Positive controls validity:
- valid
- Key result
- Species / strain:
- S. typhimurium TA 1535
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Genotoxicity:
- negative
- Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
- no cytotoxicity nor precipitates, but tested up to recommended limit concentrations
- Vehicle controls validity:
- valid
- Untreated negative controls validity:
- not applicable
- Positive controls validity:
- valid
- Key result
- Species / strain:
- S. typhimurium TA 102
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Genotoxicity:
- negative
- Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
- no cytotoxicity nor precipitates, but tested up to recommended limit concentrations
- Vehicle controls validity:
- valid
- Untreated negative controls validity:
- not applicable
- Positive controls validity:
- valid
- Key result
- Species / strain:
- S. typhimurium TA 100
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Genotoxicity:
- negative
- Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
- no cytotoxicity nor precipitates, but tested up to recommended limit concentrations
- Vehicle controls validity:
- valid
- Untreated negative controls validity:
- not applicable
- Positive controls validity:
- valid
- Key result
- Species / strain:
- S. typhimurium TA 97a
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Genotoxicity:
- negative
- Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
- no cytotoxicity nor precipitates, but tested up to recommended limit concentrations
- Vehicle controls validity:
- valid
- Untreated negative controls validity:
- not applicable
- Positive controls validity:
- valid
- Additional information on results:
- TEST-SPECIFIC CONFOUNDING FACTORS
- Water solubility: 118 mg/L at 20 °C
- Precipitation: Although the test substance was not soluble, the particles were so fine that they were not visible in any of the concentration groups.
RANGE-FINDING/SCREENING STUDIES
The test substance was evaluated in a preliminary toxicity test using the Plate Incorporation Assay method. The test substance was tested at concentrations ranging from 21-5000 ug/plate in tester strain TA100 in the absence of metabolic activation. The test substance was not toxic up to 5000 ug/plate. It was therefore decided to use 5000 ug/plate as the highest concentration for the Ames Assay, which was the limit concentration according to the guidelines. Each of the other 4 concentrations were 1/3 of the preceding one.
COMPARISON WITH HISTORICAL CONTROL DATA
Solvent control values were within historical range.
OTHER
All positive control substances increased the mutation frequency to more than the threshold values stated above. As 2-aminoanthracene, 1,8-dihydroxy-anthraquinone and 7,12-dimethyl-benz[a]anthracene require metabolic activation for mutagenicity, the result of these substances demonstrated the efficiency of the metabolizing system.
There were no substantial increases in the number of mutants in any of the tested bacterial strains at any of the tested concentrations of the test substance. The addition of S9 metabolic activation did not change these results. - Remarks on result:
- other: all strains/cell types tested
Any other information on results incl. tables
The results were verified by a second independent experiment.
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- Interpretation of results (migrated information): negative
Under the conditions of this assay, tungsten oxide was non-mutagenic in the Ames test with Salmonella typhimurium strains TA97a, TA98, TA100, TA102 and TA1535 in the presence and absence of metabolic activation up to 5000 ug/plate, which was the limit concentration for this substance.
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