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Diss Factsheets
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EC number: - | CAS number: -
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Short-term toxicity to fish
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- fish embryo acute toxicity (FET)
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Study period:
- no details given
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- comparable to guideline study with acceptable restrictions
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 236 (Fish embryo acute toxicity (FET) test)
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Remarks:
- no information on GLP compliance available in this publication
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- GO was synthesized from natural graphite using a modified Hummer's method.
Size distribution (nm): 511.8 ± 25.7 - Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Details on sampling:
- not specified
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on test solutions:
- GO at 6 concentrations (0, 1, 5, 10, 50, and 100 mg/L) dispersed in standard water.
- Test organisms (species):
- Danio rerio (previous name: Brachydanio rerio)
- Details on test organisms:
- TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: Zebrafish
- Source: Wild-type zebrafish were purchased from a local commercial source (Gao Feng Aquarium, Beijng, China).
- Method of breeding: The zebrafish were kept in the flow-through feeding equipment (made by Esen Corp.) at 26 °C with a 14-h light/10-h dark cycle and fed on bloodworms, dry flake food, and brine shrimp twice daily. Zebrafish embryos were obtained from spawning adults in groups of male and female zebrafish (ratio=2:1) in spawning boxes overnight. Spawning was induced in the morning when the light was turned on and the embryos were collected after 30 min.
- collected emryos: The collected zebrafish embryos were rinsed for 3 times with standard water. The developmental stage of the embryos was determined according to the method described by Kimmel et al.. Embryos were examined under a dissecting microscope to ensure that normal embryos and embryos at a certain blastula stage were selected for the exposure experiments. - Test type:
- semi-static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 96 h
- Remarks on exposure duration:
- not specified
- Post exposure observation period:
- not applicable
- Hardness:
- no details given
- Test temperature:
- 28 ± 0.5 °C
- pH:
- no details given
- Dissolved oxygen:
- no details given
- Salinity:
- no details given
- Conductivity:
- no details given
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- Nominal: 0, 1, 5, 10, 50, and 100 mg/L
- Details on test conditions:
- Twenty embryos were selected and exposed to GO at 6 concentrations (0, 1, 5, 10, 50, and 100 mg/L) dispersed in standard water. Subsequently, the embryos were transferred into 24-well multiplates with 1 embryo per well. Three replicates were used for each concentration. The solutions were changed once per day. All 24-well multiplates were kept at 28 ± 0.5 °C with a 14-h light / 10-h dark cycle. The development of zebrafish embryos and larvae was observed at specified times with microscope (OLYMPUS, CX21BIM). Furthermore, the toxicological endpoint corresponding to the embryonic developmental stages were examined at 8 - 96 hpf (hours post-fertilization), including spontaneous movement in 20 s, heart rate, hatching rate, length of larvae, mortality, and malformations.
- Reference substance (positive control):
- no
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC0
- Effect conc.:
- > 100 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- morphology
- Remarks on result:
- other: highest dose tested
- Key result
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC0
- Effect conc.:
- > 100 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality (fish)
- Remarks on result:
- other: highest dose tested
- Details on results:
- Spontaneous movement in 20 s of zebrafish embryos was examined at 24 hpf. No significant effect (P<0.05) was observed on spontaneous movement of zebrafish embryos exposed to suspension of GO, which indicated that the development of zebrafish embryos treated with GO (1-100 mg/L) at 24 hpf was unaffected.
The heart rates of zebrafish embryos at 48 hpf and larvae at 96 hpf were recorded after exposure to GO at different concentrations (0, 1, 5, 10, 50, and 100 mg/L). The heart rate of embryos treated with GO was slightly (P<0.05) decreased at 100 mg/L at 48 hpf and dropped from 5 to 100 mg/L at 96 hpf. These results indicated that GO had effects on the heart rate of Zebrafish embryos.
GO had no effect on the hatching and no affect on the length of larvae at concentrations ranging from 1 to 100 mg/L. No abnormality such as tail detachment, somite formation, circulatory system, or pericardial cyst pigmentation was observed in the developmental endpoints in the treated embryos. Furthermore, GO did not induce mortality of embryos. - Results with reference substance (positive control):
- not applicable
- Reported statistics and error estimates:
- Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 16.0 (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA). Data were shown as the mean ± standard error and evaluated by using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with post-hoc least significant difference (LSD) comparisons of means. The differences were considered significant for P<0.05.
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not specified
- Conclusions:
- GO did not show high toxicity to zebrafish embryos, but had slightly sublethal effects on the heart rate. In these tests, no abnormality or mortality was found, and GO at the concentration ≤ 100 mg/L did not show severe toxicity in the aquatic environment.
- Executive summary:
In this study, an embryo-larval test was performed similar to the OECD Guideline for Testing of Chemicals, No. 236 (adopted 2013)
2-h post-fertilization (2 hpf) embryos of zebrafish were used to investigate the toxicity of the test item Graphene oxide (GO) on early stages of development. The test concentrations ranged from 1 mg/L to 100 mg/L. Major endpoints such as spontaneous movement in 20 s, heart rate, hatching rate, length of larvae, mortality, and malformation were examined. GO slightly affected the heart rate of zebrafish embryos, but no obvious morphological malformation or mortality was observed. No abnormality such as tail detachment, somite formation, circulatory system, or pericardial cyst pigmentation was observed in the developmental endpoints in the treated embryos. In these tests, no abnormality or mortality was found, and GO at the concentration ≤ 100 mg/L did not show severe toxicity in the aquatic environment.
Reference
Description of key information
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Additional information
In this supporting study, an embryo-larval test was performedsimilar to the OECD Guideline for Testing of Chemicals, No. 236 (adopted 2013)
2-h post-fertilization (2 hpf) embryos of zebrafish were used to investigate the toxicity of the test item Graphene oxide (GO) on early stages of development. The test concentrations ranged from 1 mg/L to 100 mg/L. Major endpoints such as spontaneous movement in 20 s, heart rate, hatching rate, length of larvae, mortality, and malformation were examined. GO slightly affected the heart rate of zebrafish embryos, but no obvious morphological malformation or mortality was observed. No abnormality such as tail detachment, somite formation, circulatory system, or pericardial cyst pigmentation was observed in the developmental endpoints in the treated embryos. In these tests, no abnormality or mortality was found, and GO at the concentration ≤ 100 mg/L did not show severe toxicity in the aquatic environment.
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