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The new ECHA CHEM database has been released by ECHA, and it now contains all REACH registration data. There are more details on the transition of ECHA's published data to ECHA CHEM here.
Diss Factsheets
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EC number: 230-898-1 | CAS number: 7360-53-4
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Toxicological Summary
- Administrative data
- Workers - Hazard via inhalation route
- Workers - Hazard via dermal route
- Workers - Hazard for the eyes
- Additional information - workers
- General Population - Hazard via inhalation route
- General Population - Hazard via dermal route
- General Population - Hazard via oral route
- General Population - Hazard for the eyes
- Additional information - General Population
Administrative data
Workers - Hazard via inhalation route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 3.7 mg/m³
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
- Route of original study:
- Oral
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 75
- Dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEL
- Value:
- 316 mg/kg bw/day
- Modified dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEC
- Value:
- 278.58 mg/m³
- Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:
The relevant dose descriptor selected to derive the inhalation DNEL, was the oral rat NOAEL of 316 mg/kg bw/day derived from an OECD combined repeated dose toxicity study with the reproduction/developmental toxicity screening study. This dose descriptor which is the starting point was corrected for route-to-route extrapolation[i.e., NOAELoral rat ÷ SRvrat x (SRvhuman ÷ WSRvhuman) x (ABSoral-rat/ABSinh-human)] in accordance with REACH guidance document R.8 (‘Characterization of dose (concentration)-response for human health’) November (2012); where: NOAELoral rat = 316 mg/kg bw/d; SRvrat = 0.38 m3/kg bw; SRvhuman = 6.7 m3; WSRvhuman = 10 m3; ABSoral-rat = 50%; ABSinh-human = 100% = 316 x 1/0.38 x6.7/10 x 50/100 = 278.58 mg/m3
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- Justification:
- Dose response (starting point is a NOAEL)
- AF for differences in duration of exposure:
- 6
- Justification:
- Assessment factors for exposure duration (sub-acute to chronic study)
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 1
- Justification:
- No assessment factor applied for interspecies difference - allometric (metabolic rate) scaling (rat-to-human) since this is already accounted for when obtaining the corrected NOEC
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 2.5
- Justification:
- Assessment factors for remaining non-metabolic differences
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 5
- Justification:
- Assessment factors for workers
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- Justification:
- Good quality study
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 1
- Justification:
- No additional factors are required
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 134.6 mg/m³
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- acute toxicity
- Route of original study:
- By inhalation
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 12.5
- Dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEC
- Value:
- 2 510 mg/m³
- Modified dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEC
- Value:
- 1 682 mg/m³
- Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:
The relevant dose descriptor selected to derive the acute inhalation DNEL, was the inhalation rat LC50 of 2510 mg/m3 derived from an acute inhalation study. This dose descriptor which is the starting point was corrected for the difference between respiratory rates under standard conditions and under conditions of light activity exposure conditions [i.e., LC50 rat x (SRvhuman ÷ WSRvhuman)] in accordance with REACH guidance document R.8 (‘Characterization of dose (concentration)-response for human health’) November (2012); where: LC50 rat = 2510 mg/m3; SRvhuman = 6.7 m3; WSRvhuman = 10 m3 = 2510 x 6.7/10 = 1682 mg/m3
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- Justification:
- As no toxic signs were noted at the LC50/inhalation the LC50/inhalation is considered to be also the NOAEC/inhalation. A factor of 1 is therefore applied to cover the ratio of LC50/NOAEC
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 1
- Justification:
- Not required, as the starting dose is expressed in concentration and allometric scaling is assumed to be factored in according to the allometric principle. Further, allometric scaling is also not considered to be appropriate for acute lethal effects as these effects, which are accomplished by an immediate and intolerable level of damage to some critical homeostatic processes, are independent of caloric demand and related physiological processes which affect toxicity.
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 2.5
- Justification:
- Assessment factors for remaining non-metabolic differences
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 5
- Justification:
- Assessment factors for workers
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- Justification:
- Good quality study
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 1
- Justification:
- No additional factors are required
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
Workers - Hazard via dermal route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 1.1 mg/kg bw/day
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
- Route of original study:
- Oral
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 300
- Dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEL
- Value:
- 316 mg/kg bw/day
- Modified dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEL
- Value:
- 316 mg/kg bw/day
- Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:
The dermal absorption is considered to be generally lower as the oral absorption. As a worst case it is therefore assumed that the NOAELdermal = NOAELoral.
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- Justification:
- Dose response (starting point is a NOAEL)
- AF for differences in duration of exposure:
- 6
- Justification:
- Assessment factors for exposure duration (sub-acute to chronic study)
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 4
- Justification:
- Assessment factor applied for interspecies difference - allometric (metabolic rate) scaling (rat-to-human)
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 2.5
- Justification:
- Assessment factor for any remaining non-metabolic differences
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 5
- Justification:
- Assessment factor for workers
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- Justification:
- Good quality study
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 1
- Justification:
- No additional assessment factors are required)
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 40 mg/kg bw/day
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- acute toxicity
- Route of original study:
- Oral
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 50
- Dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEL
- Value:
- 2 000 mg/kg bw/day
- Modified dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEL
- Value:
- 2 000 mg/kg bw/day
- Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:
The dermal absorption is considered to be generally lower as the oral absorption. As a worst case it is therefore assumed that theLD50dermal,acute = LD50oral,rat = >2000 mg/kg bw.As no toxic signs were noted at the LD50/oral the LD50/oral is considered to be also the NOAEL/oral. Therefore, NOAELdermal = NOAELoral.
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- Justification:
- As no toxic signs were noted at the LD50/oral the LD50/oral is considered to be also the NOAEL/oral. A factor of 1 is therefore applied to cover the ratio LD50/NOAEL.
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 4
- Justification:
- Assessment factor applied for interspecies difference - allometric (metabolic rate) scaling (rat-to-human)
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 2.5
- Justification:
- Assessment factor for any remaining non-metabolic differences
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 5
- Justification:
- Assessment factor for workers
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- Justification:
- Good quality study
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 1
- Justification:
- No additional assessment factors are required
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no-threshold effect and/or no dose-response information available
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- skin irritation/corrosion
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no-threshold effect and/or no dose-response information available
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- skin irritation/corrosion
Workers - Hazard for the eyes
Local effects
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- high hazard (no threshold derived)
Additional information - workers
General Population - Hazard via inhalation route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 0.92 mg/m³
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
- Route of original study:
- Oral
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 150
- Dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEL
- Value:
- 316 mg/kg bw/day
- Modified dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEC
- Value:
- 137.4 mg/m³
- Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:
The relevant dose descriptor selected to derive the inhalation DNEL, was the oral rat NOAEL of 316 mg/kg bw/day derived from an OECD combined repeated dose toxicity study with the reproduction/developmental toxicity screening study. This dose descriptor which is the starting point was corrected for route-to-route extrapolation[i.e., NOAELoral rat ÷ SRvrat x (ABSoral-rat/ABSinh-human)] in accordance with REACH guidance document R.8 (‘Characterization of dose (concentration)-response for human health’) November (2012); where: NOAELoral rat = 316 mg/kg bw/d; SRvrat (for 24 hrs) = 1.15 m3/kg bw; ABSoral-rat = 50%; ABSinh-human = 100% = 316 x 1/1.15 x 50/100 = 137.39 mg/m3
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- Justification:
- Dose response (starting point is a NOAEL)
- AF for differences in duration of exposure:
- 6
- Justification:
- Assessment factors for exposure duration (sub-acute to chronic study)
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 1
- Justification:
- No assessment factor applied for interspecies difference - allometric (metabolic rate) scaling (rat-to-human) since this is already accounted for when obtaining the corrected NOEC
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 2.5
- Justification:
- Assessment factors for remaining non-metabolic differences
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 10
- Justification:
- Assessment factors for general population
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- Justification:
- Good quality study
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 1
- Justification:
- No additional factors are required
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 100.4 mg/m³
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- acute toxicity
- Route of original study:
- By inhalation
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 25
- Dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEC
- Value:
- 2 510 mg/m³
- Modified dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEC
- Value:
- 2 510 mg/m³
- Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:
The same absorption by the inhalation route is assumed for human and rat.
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- Justification:
- As no toxic signs were noted at the LC50/inhalation the LC50/inhalation is considered to be also the NOAEC/inhalation. A factor of 1 is therefore applied to cover the ratio LC50/NOAEC.
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 1
- Justification:
- Not required, as the starting dose is expressed in concentration and allometric scaling is assumed to be factored in according to the allometric principle. Further, allometric scaling is also not considered to be appropriate for acute lethal effects as these effects, which are accomplished by an immediate and intolerable level of damage to some critical homeostatic processes, are independent of caloric demand and related physiological processes which affect toxicity.
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 2.5
- Justification:
- Assessment factors for remaining non-metabolic differences
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 10
- Justification:
- Assessment factors for general population
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- Justification:
- Good quality study
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 1
- Justification:
- No additional factors are required
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
General Population - Hazard via dermal route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 0.5 mg/kg bw/day
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
- Route of original study:
- Oral
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 600
- Dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEL
- Value:
- 316 mg/kg bw/day
- Modified dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEL
- Value:
- 316 mg/kg bw/day
- Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:
The dermal absorption is considered to be generally lower as the oral absorption. As a worst case it is therefore assumed that the NOAELdermal = NOAELoral.
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- Justification:
- Dose response (starting point is a NOAEL)
- AF for differences in duration of exposure:
- 6
- Justification:
- Assessment factors for exposure duration (sub-acute to chronic study)
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 4
- Justification:
- Assessment factor applied for interspecies difference - allometric (metabolic rate) scaling (rat-to-human)
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 2.5
- Justification:
- Assessment factor for any remaining non-metabolic differences
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 10
- Justification:
- Assessment factor for general population
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- Justification:
- Good quality study
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 1
- Justification:
- No additional assessment factors are required
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 20 mg/kg bw/day
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- acute toxicity
- Route of original study:
- Oral
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 100
- Dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEL
- Value:
- 2 000 mg/kg bw/day
- Modified dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEL
- Value:
- 2 000 mg/kg bw/day
- Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:
The dermal absorption is considered to be generally lower as the oral absorption. As a worst case it is therefore assumed that the LD50dermal,acute = LD50oral,rat = >2000 mg/kg bw. As no toxic signs were noted at the LD50/oral the LD50/oral is considered to be also the NOAEL/oral. Therefore, NOAELdermal = NOAELoral.
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- Justification:
- As no toxic signs were noted at the LD50/oral the LD50/oral is considered to be also the NOAEL/oral. Therefore, NOAELdermal = NOAELoral.
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 4
- Justification:
- Assessment factor applied for interspecies difference - allometric (metabolic rate) scaling (rat-to-human)
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 2.5
- Justification:
- Assessment factor for any remaining non-metabolic differences
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 10
- Justification:
- Assessment factor for general population
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- Justification:
- Good quality study
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 1
- Justification:
- No additional assessment factors are required
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no-threshold effect and/or no dose-response information available
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- skin irritation/corrosion
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no-threshold effect and/or no dose-response information available
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- skin irritation/corrosion
General Population - Hazard via oral route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 0.5 mg/kg bw/day
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
- Route of original study:
- Oral
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 600
- Dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEL
- Value:
- 316 mg/kg bw/day
- Modified dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEL
- Value:
- 316 mg/kg bw/day
- Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:
The same absorption by the oral route is assumed for human and rat.
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- Justification:
- Dose-response (starting point is a NOAEL)
- AF for differences in duration of exposure:
- 6
- Justification:
- Assessment factors for exposure duration (sub-acute to chronic study)
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 4
- Justification:
- Assessment factor applied for interspecies difference - allometric (metabolic rate) scaling (rat-to-human)
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 2.5
- Justification:
- Assessment factor for any remaining non-metabolic differences
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 10
- Justification:
- Assessment factor for general population
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- Justification:
- Good quality study
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 1
- Justification:
- No additional assessment factors are required)
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 20 mg/kg bw/day
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- acute toxicity
- Route of original study:
- Oral
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 100
- Dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEL
- Value:
- 2 000 mg/kg bw/day
- Modified dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEL
- Value:
- 2 000 mg/kg bw/day
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- Justification:
- As no toxic signs were noted at the LD50/oral the LD50/oral is considered to be also the NOAEL/oral. A factor of 1 is therefore applied to cover the ratio LD50/NOAEL.
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 4
- Justification:
- Assessment factor applied for interspecies difference - allometric (metabolic rate) scaling (rat-to-human)
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 2.5
- Justification:
- Assessment factor for any remaining non-metabolic differences
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 10
- Justification:
- Assessment factor for general population
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- Justification:
- Good quality study
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 1
- Justification:
- No additional assessment factors are required
General Population - Hazard for the eyes
Local effects
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- high hazard (no threshold derived)
Additional information - General Population
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
Reproduction or further distribution of this information may be subject to copyright protection. Use of the information without obtaining the permission from the owner(s) of the respective information might violate the rights of the owner.