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EC number: 226-798-2 | CAS number: 5470-11-1
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Additional information
Hydroxylammonium chloride is the hydrochloric acid salt of hydroxylamine. Based on OECD guideline studies the substance bears a water solubility of approx. 470 g/L (at 20°C) and a vapour pressure of 0.0021 Pa (at 20 °C). Therefore the substance is expected to distribute mainly in the aquatic compartment in case of release into the environment.
Hydroxylammonium chloride dissociates to hydroxylammonium and chloride ions in aqueous solutions at environmental pH and temperature. The environmental behavior of the hydroxylammonium ion (NH3OH+) is similar to ammonium (NH4+). With stronger reducing properties, hydroxylammonium is more easily transformed via nitrification in waste water treatment systems and in soil by oxidizing bacteria and other microorganisms (Robertson & Groffman, 2015).
Hydroxylamine is not stable in the environment and decomposes in solution fast at environmental temperatures through various processes (Moody, 1991, Satake & Iqbal, 1995). Hydroxylamine and its salts are reductive agents, which can easily be oxidized and form various oxides of nitrogen or nitrous species. It reacts with aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, metals etc. (Ritz et al. 2012, Moody, 1991). Microorganisms also play an important role in the transformation of hydroxylamine in the environment. Nitrifying microorganisms in nature enzymatically transform ammonia in a first step to hydroxylamine and then to further nitrogen species depending on the conditions (Robertson & Groffman, 2015). Hydroxylamine is also formed as an intermediate during denitrification (Ritz et al. 2012). Microbial hydroxylamine transformation to other nitrogen species is therefore a common environmental pathway.
The adsorption properties of hydroxylammonium are expected to be similar to those of ammonium due to their similar chemistry. Ammonium adsorption is controlled by soil properties (Ranjbar & Jalali, 2012; Matschonat and Matzner, 1996). Positively charged ions are being exchanged at cation-exchange sites in soils and sediments (Buss et al., 2004). Literature data report Kd values for ammonium between 0 and 6.5 L/Kg, which reflect worst case values for hydroxylammonium chloride, since it is not expected to be stable under environmental conditions.
References:
Buss S.R., Herbert A.W., Morgan P., Thornton S.F., Smith J.W.N. 2004. A review of ammonium attenuation in soil and groundwater. Q. J. Eng. Geol. Hydrogeol. vol 37, 347–359
Matschonat G., & Matzner E. 1996. Soil chemical properties affecting NH4+ sorption in forest soils. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science vol. 159, 505–511
Moody B. 1991. Comparative Inorganic Chemistry. Elsevier Inc. ISBN: 978-0-7131-3679-1
Ranjbar F. & Jalali M. 2013. Measuring and modeling ammonium adsorption by calcareous soils. Environ Monit Assess vol. 185, 3191–3199
Ritz J., Fuchs H., Perryman H.G., 2012. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry: Hydroxylamine. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. ISBN: 9783527306732. DOI: 10.1002/14356007
Robertson G.P. and Groffman P.M. 2015. Nitrogen transformations. Pages 421-446 in E. A. Paul, ed. Soil Microbiology, Ecology and Biochemistry, 4th Edition. Academic Press, Burlington, MA.ISBN: 978-0-12-546807-7
Satake M. & Iqbal S.A. 1995. Chemistry of P-Block Elements. Discovery Publishing House. ISBN 10: 8171412688 / ISBN 13: 9788171412686
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