Registration Dossier
Registration Dossier
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The new ECHA CHEM database has been released by ECHA, and it now contains all REACH registration data. There are more details on the transition of ECHA's published data to ECHA CHEM here.
Diss Factsheets
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EC number: 217-682-2 | CAS number: 1929-82-4
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Toxicological Summary
- Administrative data
- Workers - Hazard via inhalation route
- Workers - Hazard via dermal route
- Workers - Hazard for the eyes
- Additional information - workers
- General Population - Hazard via inhalation route
- General Population - Hazard via dermal route
- General Population - Hazard via oral route
- General Population - Hazard for the eyes
- Additional information - General Population
Administrative data
Workers - Hazard via inhalation route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 0.7 mg/m³
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
- Route of original study:
- Oral
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 12.5
- Modified dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEC
- Value:
- 8.8 mg/m³
- Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:
= 5 mg/kg x (1/0.38) x (100%oral rat / 100%inhal human) x (6.7/10)
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- Justification:
- None required. A clear NOEL is available.
- AF for differences in duration of exposure:
- 1
- Justification:
- Starting point NOEL derived from a chronic toxicity study
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 1
- Justification:
- Not required after initial conversion of starting point from oral to inhalation
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 2.5
- Justification:
- Default factor for remaining (TD) differences between species
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 5
- Justification:
- Default factor for variation between individual workers
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- Justification:
- None required. The data available was conducted to internationally recognised guidelines and GLP.
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 1
- Justification:
- No remaining uncertainties
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 17 mg/m³
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- acute toxicity
- Route of original study:
- By inhalation
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 12.5
- Modified dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEC
- Value:
- 211 mg/m³
- Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:
Not route to route, but corrected for rat: man sRVhuman/wRV = 630 * 0.67 = 422 mg/m3 (rat and human inhalation absorption both = 100% ) and then duration (4hours to 8 hours) using C^n x t = k, where n=1 for shorter to longer duration = (422 mg/m3 x 4 hours)/ 8 hours = 211 mg/m3
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- Justification:
- None required. A clear NOEL is available.
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 1
- Justification:
- Not required for inhalation exposure where sRV human/wRV ratio applied
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 2.5
- Justification:
- Default factor for remaining (TD) differences between species
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 5
- Justification:
- Default factor for variation between individual workers
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- Justification:
- None required. The data available was conducted to internationally recognised guidelines and GLP.
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 1
- Justification:
- No remaining uncertainties
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
Workers - Hazard via dermal route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 5.6 mg/kg bw/day
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
- Route of original study:
- Dermal
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 180
- Modified dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEL
- Value:
- 1 000 mg/kg bw/day
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- Justification:
- None required. A clear NOEL is available.None required. A clear NOEL is available.
- AF for differences in duration of exposure:
- 6
- Justification:
- Default factor for extrapolation from subacute to a chronic duration
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 2.4
- Justification:
- Default allometric scaling factor for extrapolating from rabbit to man
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 2.5
- Justification:
- Default factor for remaining (TD) differences between species
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 5
- Justification:
- Default factor for variation between individual workers
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- Justification:
- None required. The data available was conducted to internationally recognised guidelines and GLP.
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 1
- Justification:
- No remaining uncertainties
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 0.03 mg/cm²
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 75
- Dose descriptor:
- other: NOAEL
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- Justification:
- None required. A clear NOAEL is available
- AF for differences in duration of exposure:
- 6
- Justification:
- Default factor for extrapolating from subacute to chronic duration
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 1
- Justification:
- Not required for local effects
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 2.5
- Justification:
- Default factor for remaining (TD) differences between species
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 5
- Justification:
- Default factor for variation between individual workers
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- Justification:
- None required. The data available was conducted to internationally recognised guidelines and GLP.
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 1
- Justification:
- No remaining uncertainties
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 0.2 mg/cm²
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 12.5
- Dose descriptor starting point:
- other: NOAEL
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- Justification:
- None required. A clear NOAEL is available.
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 1
- Justification:
- Not required for local effects.
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 2.5
- Justification:
- Default factor for remaining (TD) differences between species
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 5
- Justification:
- Default factor for variation between individual workers
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- Justification:
- None required. The data available was conducted to internationally recognised guidelines and GLP.
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 1
- Justification:
- No remaining uncertainties
Workers - Hazard for the eyes
Local effects
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- high hazard (no threshold derived)
Additional information - workers
Justification for endpoint selection:
- Reproductive toxicity: effects on fertility (oral): The key study was conducted in compliance with GLP and in accordance with the OECD Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals Number 416 on the test substance.
- Reproductive toxicity: effects on fertility (dermal): The data obtained from oral exposure is deemed sufficient to address this endpoint.
- Reproductive toxicity: effects on fertility (inhalation): The data obtained from oral exposure is deemed sufficient to address this endpoint.
- Reproductive toxicity: developmental toxicity (oral): The key study was conducted in compliance with GLP and in accordance with the OECD Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals Number 414 on the test substance.
- Reproductive toxicity: developmental toxicity (dermal): The data obtained from oral exposure is deemed sufficient to address this endpoint.
- Reproductive toxicity: developmental toxicity (inhalation): The data obtained from oral exposure is deemed sufficient to address this endpoint.
- Acute toxicity: the registered substance is Harmful via the oral route (Cat.4), as the acute oral LD50 was determined to be 1066 mg/kg. The acute dermal LD50 was greater than 2000 mg/kg at 2830 mg/kg. The acute inhalation LC50 was >0.63 mg/L which was the highest dose tested.
- Skin and eye irritation/corrosion; skin sensitisation: The substance was not irritating to skin, but was irritating to the eye and showed weak sensitisation potential in an M&K study. In a repeat dose dermal toxicity study in rabbits, histopathology in the skin was considered to be symptomatic of dry skin, caused by the adsorbent properties of test material. A NOAEC of 2.2 mg/sq.cm (derived from the 100 mg/kg bw/d dose level) was set for this effect.
- Repeat-dose toxicity: a 1962 90-d rat dietary study and a 1989 2 year rat dietary toxicity studies are available, along with a 1989 52 week dog dietary study and a 1995 90 day dietary mouse study. NO(A)EL/LO(A)ELs were established at 5/20, 30/100 and 3/15 in the 2 year and 90 day rat and the 52 week dog studies respectively. It was not considered to be carcinogenic. The primary target organ was the liver. Dose levels in the 90 day mouse study were set too high, and a NOAEL could not be established (Lowest dose was 200 mg/kg bw/day). The rat 2 year study was selected over the dog for chronic toxicity as, after interspecies allometric respiration factors this gave the most conservative DNELs. A 15 exposure (21 day) repeat dose dermal study (rabbits) is avaialble with the systemic NOEL considered to be the top dose tested (1000 mg/kg bw/day - the limit dose). The local effects NOAEL was conservatively set at 2.2 mg/sq.cm (derived from the 100 mg/kg bw/d dose level), based on histopathology in the skin (in the absence of erythema or oedema) which was considered to be symptomatic of dry skin, most likely caused by the adsorbent properties of test material.
General Population - Hazard via inhalation route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 0.2 mg/m³
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
- Route of original study:
- Oral
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 25
- Modified dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEC
- Value:
- 4.35 mg/m³
- Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:
=5 mg/kg bw/day x (1/1.15) x (100% oral rat / 100% inhal human) x (100%inhal rat / 100%inhal human)
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- Justification:
- None required. A clear NOEL is available.
- AF for differences in duration of exposure:
- 1
- Justification:
- Starting point NOEL derived from a chronic toxicity study
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 1
- Justification:
- Not required after initial conversion of starting point from oral to inhalation
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 2.5
- Justification:
- Default factor for remaining (TD) differences between species
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 10
- Justification:
- Default factor for variation between individuals in the general population.
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- Justification:
- None required. The data available was conducted to internationally recognised guidelines and GLP.
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 1
- Justification:
- No remaining uncertainties
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 4.2 mg/m³
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- acute toxicity
- Route of original study:
- By inhalation
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 25
- Modified dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEC
- Value:
- 105 mg/m³
- Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:
Not route to route, but corrected for duration (4hours to 24 hours) using C^n x t = k, where n=1 for shorter to longer duration = (630 mg/m3 x 4 hours)/ 24 hours = 105 mg/m3. Rat and human inhalation absorption not corrected for, because it is assumed as 100% in both species.
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- Justification:
- None required. A clear NOEL is available.
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 1
- Justification:
- Not required as for refrence doses expressed as concentration since ventilation rate directly depends on the basal metabolic rate
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 2.5
- Justification:
- Default factor for remaining (TD) differences between species
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 10
- Justification:
- Default factor for variation between individuals in the general population.
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- Justification:
- None required. The data available was conducted to internationally recognised guidelines and GLP.
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 1
- Justification:
- No remaining uncertainties
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
General Population - Hazard via dermal route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 2.8 mg/kg bw/day
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
- Route of original study:
- Dermal
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 360
- Modified dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEL
- Value:
- 1 000 mg/kg bw/day
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- Justification:
- None required. A clear NOEL is available.
- AF for differences in duration of exposure:
- 6
- Justification:
- Extrapolation from sub chronic to Chronic
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 2.4
- Justification:
- Extrapolation from rabbit to man
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 2.5
- Justification:
- Default factor for remaining (TD) differences between species
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 10
- Justification:
- Default factor for variation between individuals in the general population.
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- Justification:
- None required. The data available was conducted to internationally recognised guidelines and GLP.
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 1
- Justification:
- No remaining uncertainties
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- hazard unknown (no further information necessary)
DNEL related information
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 0.015 mg/cm²
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 150
- Dose descriptor:
- other: NOAEL
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- Justification:
- None required. A clear NOAEL is available
- AF for differences in duration of exposure:
- 6
- Justification:
- Default factor for extrapolating from subacute to chronic duration
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 1
- Justification:
- Not required for local effects
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 2.5
- Justification:
- Default factor for remaining (TD) differences between species
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 10
- Justification:
- Default factor for variation between individuals in the general population.
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- Justification:
- None required. The data available was conducted to internationally recognised guidelines and GLP.
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 1
- Justification:
- No remaining uncertainties
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 0.1 mg/cm²
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 25
- Dose descriptor starting point:
- other: NOAEL
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- Justification:
- None required. A clear NOAEL is available.
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 1
- Justification:
- Not required for local effects
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 2.5
- Justification:
- Default factor for remaining (TD) differences between species
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 10
- Justification:
- Default factor for variation between individuals in the general population.
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- Justification:
- None required. The data available was conducted to internationally recognised guidelines and GLP.
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 1
- Justification:
- No remaining uncertainties
General Population - Hazard via oral route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 0.05 mg/kg bw/day
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
- Route of original study:
- Oral
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 100
- Modified dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEL
- Value:
- 5 mg/kg bw/day
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- Justification:
- None required. A clear NOEL is available.
- AF for differences in duration of exposure:
- 1
- Justification:
- A chronic study is utilised to predict a chronic value. No extrapolation required.
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 4
- Justification:
- Default allometric scaling factor from rat to man
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 2.5
- Justification:
- Default factor for remaining (TD) differences between species
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 10
- Justification:
- Default factor for variation between individuals in the general population.
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- Justification:
- None required. The data available was conducted to internationally recognised guidelines and GLP.
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 1
- Justification:
- No remaining uncertainties
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 0.15 mg/kg bw/day
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
- Route of original study:
- Oral
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 100
- Modified dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEL
- Value:
- 15 mg/kg bw/day
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- Justification:
- None required. A clear NOEL is available.
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 4
- Justification:
- Default allometric scaling factor from rat to man
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 2.5
- Justification:
- Default factor for remaining (TD) differences between species
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 10
- Justification:
- Default factor for variation between individuals in the general population.
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- Justification:
- None required. The data available was conducted to internationally recognised guidelines and GLP.
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 1
- Justification:
- No remaining uncertainties
General Population - Hazard for the eyes
Local effects
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- high hazard (no threshold derived)
Additional information - General Population
Justification for endpoint selection:
- Reproductive toxicity: effects on fertility (oral): The key study was conducted in compliance with GLP and in accordance with the OECD Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals Number 416 on the test substance.
- Reproductive toxicity: effects on fertility (dermal): The data obtained from oral exposure is deemed sufficient to address this endpoint.
- Reproductive toxicity: effects on fertility (inhalation): The data obtained from oral exposure is deemed sufficient to address this endpoint.
- Reproductive toxicity: developmental toxicity (oral): The key study was conducted in compliance with GLP and in accordance with the OECD Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals Number 414 on the test substance.
- Reproductive toxicity: developmental toxicity (dermal): The data obtained from oral exposure is deemed sufficient to address this endpoint.
- Reproductive toxicity: developmental toxicity (inhalation): The data obtained from oral exposure is deemed sufficient to address this endpoint.
- Acute toxicity: the registered substance is Harmful via the oral route (Cat.4), as the acute oral LD50 was determined to be 1066 mg/kg. The acute dermal LD50 was greater than 2000 mg/kg at 2830 mg/kg. The acute inhalation LC50 was >0.63 mg/L which was the highest dose tested.
- Skin and eye irritation/corrosion; skin sensitisation: The substance was not irritating to skin, but was irritating to the eye and showed weak sensitisation potential in an M&K study. In a repeat dose dermal toxicity study in rabbits histopathology in the skin was considered to be symptomatic of dry skin, caused by the adsorbent properties of test material. A NOAEC of 2.2 mg/sq.cm (derived from the 100 mg/kg bw/d dose level) was set for this effect.
- Repeat-dose toxicity: a 1962 90-d rat dietary study and a 1989 2 year rat dietary toxicity studies are available, along with a 1989 52 week dog dietary study and a 1995 90 day dietary mouse study. NO(A)EL/LO(A)ELs were established at 5/20, 30/100 and 3/15 in the 2 year and 90 day rat and the 52 week dog studies respectively. It was not considered to be carcinogenic. The primary target organ was the liver. Dose levels in the 90 day mouse study were set too high, and a NOAEL could not be established (lowest dose was 200 mg/kg bw/day). The rat 2 year study was selected over the dog for chronic toxicity as, after interspecies allometric respiration factors this gave the most conservative DNELs. In the rat teratogenicity study (gavage, corn oil vehicle) the NOAEL/LOAEL for maternal systemic effects was 15/50 mg/kg bw/day based on reduced body weight gain and this gives the most conservative acute/short-term risk assessment for the general population. A 15 exposure (21 day) repeat dose dermal study in rabbits is available with the systemic NOEL considered to be the top dose tested (1000 mg/kg bw/day - the limit dose). The local effects NOAEL was conservatively set at 2.2 mg/sq.cm (derived from the 100 mg/kg bw/d dose level), based on histopathology in the skin (in the absence of erythema or oedema) which was considered to be symptomatic of dry skin, most likely caused by the adsorbent properties of test material.
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
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