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EC number: 233-241-7 | CAS number: 10099-67-9
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Toxicity to microorganisms
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to microorganisms, other
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- other information
- Study period:
- 2004
- Reliability:
- 3 (not reliable)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- unsuitable test system
- Remarks:
- A Klimisch score of 3 was attributed for the following reasons: (1) The species of Lu introduced as the test item is not perfectly clear: we consider it is lutetium trinitrate on the basis that the stock solution corresponds to 10 g/L of 99.999% Lu2O3 in 4% HNO3, (2) V. fischeri is considered of low relevance for STP micro-organisms considered under REACH.
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Lutetium Speciation and Toxicity in a Microbial Bioassay: Testing the Free-Ion Model for Lanthanides
- Author:
- Weltje L., Verhoof L. R. C. W., Verweij W., Hamers T.
- Year:
- 2 004
- Bibliographic source:
- Environmental Science & Technology 38: 6597-6604
Materials and methods
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- no guideline followed
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- The bioluminescence response of the bacterium Vibrio fischeri was studied at different lutetium concentrations in the presence and absence of natural and synthetic organic ligands [citrate, malate, oxalate, acetate, ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA), and nitrilotriacetate (NTA)]. Tests performed in the presence of ligands aim at assessing the modulation of toxicity by those ligands that were chosen on the basis of their differences in complexing strength for lutetium and their different charges in fully dissociated state. It should be noted that citrate, malate, oxalate, and acetate are naturally occurring ligands, while EDTA and NTA in the environment are of anthropogenic origin.
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
Test material
- Test material form:
- not specified
- Details on test material:
- - Source of test material: CPI International, Santa Rosa, CA.
- Description of test material: ICP stock solution at 10 000 ppm of 99.999% Lu2O3 in 4% HNO3. On this basis, it was concluded that bacteria were exposed to lutetium trinitrate.
No other information are available.
Sampling and analysis
- Analytical monitoring:
- no
Test solutions
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on test solutions:
- PREPARATION AND APPLICATION OF TEST SOLUTION:
- Method: All solutions were prepared in Milli-Q water (Millipore Waters, Milford, MA). Using this medium, two lutetium series were prepared:
(1) a logarithmically ordered range of lutetium concentrations with no added ligands (10 concentrations between 0.15 µM and 2.56 mM).
(2) two lutetium concentrations (5 and 50 µM) each associated with the six following organic ligands: EDTA (Sigma Chemical Co., ca. 99%), NTA (Sigma Chemical Co., ca. 99.5%), citrate (J. T. Baker, 99.8%), malate (Acros, 99%), oxalate (Merck, 99.5%), and acetate (J. T. Baker, 99.5%). All six ligands were also tested as pure substances (i.e., with no added lutetium) to ensure that ligands were not toxic over the range of concentrations utilized in the experiments.
- Controls: Each series had its own control, consisting of a 0.355 M NaNO3 solution at pH 5.50.
Test organisms
- Test organisms (species):
- Vibrio fisheri
- Details on inoculum:
- - Test organisms: Lyophilized bacteria (V. fischeri, NRRL B-11177).
- Source: Microtox Acute Reagent, Azur Environmental, Carlsbad, CA).
- Preparation for exposure: Bacteria were prepared for the experiments as described by Hamers et al. (2001). First, the condition of the bacteria was tested by observing luminescence in the control over a period of 5 min. If the bacterial condition was satisfactory (a small increase of light emission followed by a slow decrease), 75 µL of the bacterial suspension (in 0.355 M NaNO3, pH 5.50) was injected into each well of the plate.
No further data.
Study design
- Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- other: V. fischeri is a marine bacterium usually studied in NaCl. It can also be exposed in a 0.355 M NaNO3 solution. While the 0.355 M ionic strength is much larger than that of freshwater, high ionic strength and Na+ are needed for undisturbed performance.
- Remarks:
- This NaNO3 solution was chosen because nitrate has a weak complexing affinity for lanthanides and thus has a limited influence on free-ion concentrations.
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 30 min
Test conditions
- Hardness:
- No data
- Test temperature:
- 20 +/- 3 °C
- pH:
- Measurements of pH revealed that it shifted upward during the experiments from the initial 5.50 +/- 0.10 to an average value of 6.30 +/- 0.39. This is apparently due to the activity of the bacteria, because the bacterial suspension, which was also prepared with a NaNO3 solution of pH 5.5, had an average pH of 6.95 +/- 0.12 at the end of the experiment.
- Dissolved oxygen:
- No data
- Salinity:
- 0.355 M ionic strength in the bacterial suspension, no value for the final test medium.
- Conductivity:
- No data
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- Nominal concentrations:
- Experiment without ligands: 10 Lu concentrations between 0.15 µM and 2.56 mM (between 0.026 and 447.92 mg/L).
- Experiment with ligands: 2 Lu concentrations of 5 and 50 µM (0.875 and 8.75 mg/L).
Measured concentrations: not available (no analytical monitoring). - Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Test vessel: white 96-well plates (Luminoscan LB 96P WMP 25).
- No. of vessels per concentration (replicates): 3 replicates.
- No. of vessels per control (replicates): 3 replicates.
- Bacterial suspension volume per well: 75 µL.
TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS
- Source/preparation of dilution water: All test solutions were prepared in Milli-Q water (Millipore Waters, Milford, MA).
EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED:
- Measured parameter: After 7.5, 15, 22.5 and 30 min, the luminescence of each well was measured and expressed in relative light units (RLU). The response data, that is RLU, were converted to percentages of the control response, of which the average was set to 100%.
- Measuring apparatus: Luminometer was equipped with an automatic injector (Labsystems Luminoscan RS).
No further data. - Reference substance (positive control):
- yes
- Remarks:
- Cu solutions (Johnson Matthey, AAS standard solution, Specpure, 1000 ppm in 5% HNO3) was used as positive control.
Results and discussion
Effect concentrationsopen allclose all
- Duration:
- 30 min
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 0.24 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- other: Free Lu3+
- Basis for effect:
- other: Bioluminescence
- Remarks on result:
- other: (equivalent to: 30min-EC50 = 1.37 µM, conversion using molecular weight)
- Remarks:
- Experiment without ligand
- Duration:
- 30 min
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 0.25 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- other: Total dissolved Lu
- Basis for effect:
- other: Bioluminescence
- Remarks on result:
- other: (equivalent to: 30min-EC50 = 1.43 µM, conversion using molecular weight)
- Remarks:
- Experiment without ligand
- Duration:
- 30 min
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- >= 0.13 - <= 0.38 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- other: Free Lu3+
- Basis for effect:
- other: Bioluminescence
- Remarks on result:
- other: (equivalent to: 30min-EC50 >= 0.74 µM to <= 2.15 µm, conversion using molecular weight)
- Remarks:
- Experiment with ligands
- Duration:
- 30 min
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- >= 0.17 - <= 7.56 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- other: Total dissolved Lu
- Basis for effect:
- other: Bioluminescence
- Remarks on result:
- other: (equivalent to: 30min-EC50 >= 0.96 µM to <= 43.2 µm, conversion using molecular weight)
- Remarks:
- Experiment with ligands
- Details on results:
- For the experiment with ligands, the ranges in the above table cover the EC50 values obtained for the different ligands. Detailed values ligand per ligand were reported below:
- Exposure to Lu without ligand: 30min-EC50 = 0.24 mg/L (expressed as free Lu3+) and 0.25 mg/L (expressed as total dissolved Lu).
- Expoure to Lu in the presence of EDTA: 30min-EC50 = 0.14 mg/L (expressed as free Lu3+) and 0.17 mg/L (expressed as total dissolved Lu).
- Expoure to Lu in the presence of NTA: 30min-EC50 = 0.13 mg/L (expressed as free Lu3+) and 0.79 mg/L (expressed as total dissolved Lu).
- Expoure to Lu in the presence of citrate: 30min-EC50 = 0.34 mg/L (expressed as free Lu3+) and 7.56 mg/L (expressed as total dissolved Lu).
- Expoure to Lu in the presence of malate: 30min-EC50 = 0.22 mg/L (expressed as free Lu3+) and 3.41 mg/L (expressed as total dissolved Lu).
- Expoure to Lu in the presence of oxalate: 30min-EC50 = 0.38 mg/L (expressed as free Lu3+) and 5.56 mg/L (expressed as total dissolved Lu).
N.B. In the publication, EC50 were expressed in µM and they were converted in mg/L by dividing them by the molecular weight of lutetium (174.967 g/mol).
Experiments with the pure ligands (without lutetium) showed no toxicity in the concentration ranges tested, except for acetate. At concentrations above 1 mM, acetate has toxic effects on V. fischeri. However, these high acetate concentrations would be needed to study Lu complexation. Consequently, acetate was excluded from the Lu ligand experiments, because its complexing intensity is too low at nontoxic concentrations. - Results with reference substance (positive control):
- The 15min-EC50 for free Cu2+ was 1.04 µM. The outcome of this positive control experiment implies a good physiological quality of the bacteria and, more importantly, attests to the reproducibility of this biotest.
- Reported statistics and error estimates:
- All linear and nonlinear least-squares regressions were performed with the software package Prism, release 2.01 (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA).
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not specified
- Conclusions:
- Under the conditions of this study, the following 30min-EC50 values were obtained on Vibrio fisheri:
- Exposure to lutetium without ligand: 30min-EC50 = 0.24 mg/L (expressed as free Lu3+) and 0.25 mg/L (expressed as total dissolved Lu).
- Exposure to lutetium in the presence of organic ligands: 30min-EC50 = 0.13 to 0.38 mg/L (expressed as free Lu3+) and 0.17 to 7.56 mg/L (expressed as total dissolved Lu). - Executive summary:
The bioluminescence response of the bacterium Vibrio fischeri was studied at different lutetium concentrations in the presence and absence of six natural and synthetic organic ligands: citrate, malate, oxalate, acetate, ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA), and nitrilotriacetate (NTA). Tests performed in the presence of ligands aim at assessing the modulation of toxicity by those ligands that were chosen on the basis of their differences in complexing strength for lutetium and their different charges in fully dissociated state. It should be noted that citrate, malate, oxalate, and acetate are naturally occurring ligands, while EDTA and NTA in the environment are of anthropogenic origin. Two sets of experiments were conducted:
(1) test of a logarithmically ordered range of lutetium concentrations with no added ligands (10 concentrations between 0.15 µM and 2.56 mM).
(2) test of two lutetium concentrations (5 and 50 µM) each associated with the six organic ligands.
Bioluminescence was assessed after 7.5, 15, 22.5 and 30 min.
Under the conditions of this study, the following 30min-EC50 values were obtained on Vibrio fisheri:
- Exposure to lutetium without ligand: 30min-EC50 = 0.24 mg/L (expressed as free Lu3+) and 0.25 mg/L (expressed as total dissolved Lu).
- Exposure to lutetium in the presence of organic ligands: 30min-EC50 = 0.13 to 0.38 mg/L (expressed as free Lu3+) and 0.17 to 7.56 mg/L (expressed as total dissolved Lu).
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