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EC number: 232-152-0 | CAS number: 7789-24-4
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Study period:
- 1997-06-13 to 1997-12-23
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 202 (Daphnia sp. Acute Immobilisation Test)
- Version / remarks:
- 1984
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Details on sampling:
- Samples were analyzed for lithium in triplicate using a FLM-AAS method developed and validated by the FMC Corporation. Measured concentrations of lithium chloride were calculated by multiplying measured lithium concentrations by 14.427.
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on test solutions:
- Test solutions were prepared by adding the appropriate amounts of lithium chloride (0.0641, 0.1240, 0.2493, 0.5006 and 0.9923 g) directly to five 1 L volumes of dilution water. The resulting nominal concentrations were 64.1, 124, 249, 501, 992 mg LiCl/L. A dilution water control was maintained concurrently with the test solutions.
- Test organisms (species):
- Daphnia magna
- Details on test organisms:
- Water fleas will be neonates (i.e. <24 hours old) obtained by isolating gravid females from the culture water in food-free dilution water < 24 hours prior to beginning of the test.
- Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 48 h
- Hardness:
- c(CaCO3) = 82 mg/L
- Test temperature:
- 19.4 to 20.8 °C
- pH:
- At test initiation: pH 7.1 to 8.6
Remainder of the test: pH 7.0 to 7.1 - Dissolved oxygen:
- at test initiation: 9.3 mg/L (100 % of saturation)
remainder of the test: 8.4 to 8.9 mg/L (94 to 98 % of saturation) - Nominal and measured concentrations:
- Nominal concentrations: control, 64.1, 124, 249, 501 and 992 mg LiCl/L
Measured concentrations: 0.0, 63.4, 123, 249, 501 and 978 mg LiCl/L - Reference substance (positive control):
- no
- Key result
- Duration:
- 48 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 249 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (geom. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Remarks:
- LiCl
- Basis for effect:
- mobility
- Remarks on result:
- other: 95% CL: 197 and 315 mg/L
- Duration:
- 48 h
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 63.4 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (geom. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Remarks:
- LiCl
- Basis for effect:
- mobility
- Details on results:
- The 48-hour EC50 was 249 mg/L (based on mean measured concentrations) with 95% confidence limits of 197 and 315 mg/L. The NOEC was 63.4 mg/L.
- Results with reference substance (positive control):
- No reference substance
- Reported statistics and error estimates:
- The EC50 values were estimated by a computer program (Wheat, 1989) using the following statistical methods: moving average angle, probit, logit, and non-linear interpolation. Confidence limits for EC50 values determined by non-linear interpolation were calculated by binomial probability. The method selected for reporting the test results was determined by the characteristics of the data, i.e., the presence or absence of 0% and 100% mortality and the number of concentrations in which mortalities between 0 and 100 % occurred.
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Conclusions:
- The 48-hour EC50 in Daphnia magna was 249 mg lithium chloride/L (based on mean measured concentrations) with 95 % confidence limits of 197 and 315 mg/L. The NOEC was 63.4 mg lithium chloride/L.
- Executive summary:
A static freshwater toxicity test was conducted to determine the acute toxicity of lithium chloride to the water flea, Daphnia magna according to OECD Guideline 202. Mean measured concentrations of lithium chloride ranged from 63.4 to 978 mg/L and from 99 to 109 % of nominal. All test solutions appeared clear and colourless and concentrations remained stable throughout the test. Mortality of the water flea exposed for 48 hours to lithium chloride ranged from 5 % at test concentrations smaller or equal to 123 mg/L and 100 % at a concentration greater than or equal to 501 mg/L. One water flea treated with 63.4 mg/L died as a result of becoming physically stuck to the wall of the test chamber, his death was not chemically related. Control mortality was 0 %.The 48-hour EC50 was 249 mg lithium chloride/L with 95 % confidence limits of 197 and 315 mg/L.The NOEC was 63.4 mg/L.
- Endpoint:
- short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- data from handbook or collection of data
- Qualifier:
- no guideline followed
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- The review includes summaries of a number of studies, performed to various guidelines.
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on test solutions:
- no data
- Test organisms (species):
- other: Daphnia sp. and benthic trichoptera larvae
- Details on test organisms:
- no data
- Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Remarks on exposure duration:
- The duration of the test ranged from 24-96 h.
- Post exposure observation period:
- No data
- Hardness:
- Values ranged between 12 - 250 mg CaCO3/L.
- Test temperature:
- no data
- pH:
- no data
- Dissolved oxygen:
- no data
- Salinity:
- no data
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- no data
- Reference substance (positive control):
- not specified
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 26 - < 48 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (not specified)
- Conc. based on:
- other: fluoride ion (F-)
- Basis for effect:
- not specified
- Remarks on result:
- other: benthic trichoptera larvae; Hardness: 12-19 mg CaCO3/L (Camargo & Tarazona 1990)
- Key result
- Duration:
- 48 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 97 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- other: fluoride ion (F-)
- Basis for effect:
- not specified
- Remarks on result:
- other: Daphnia magna; Hardness: 250 mg CaCO3/L (Janssen at al. 1989)
- Duration:
- 48 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 153 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- other: fluoride ion (F-)
- Basis for effect:
- not specified
- Remarks on result:
- other: Daphnia magna, Hardness: 173 mg CaCO3/L (LeBlanc 1984)
- Duration:
- 24 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 352 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- other: fluoride ion (F-)
- Basis for effect:
- not specified
- Remarks on result:
- other: Daphnia magna, Hardness: 250 mg CaCO3/L (Kühn et al. 1988)
- Duration:
- 48 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 270 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- other: fluoride ion (F-)
- Basis for effect:
- not specified
- Remarks on result:
- other: Daphnia sp.; Hardness: 270 mg CaCO3/L (Bringman & Kühn 1959)
- Details on results:
- no data
- Results with reference substance (positive control):
- no data
- Reported statistics and error estimates:
- no data
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not specified
- Conclusions:
- The EC50 values for daphnids range from 97 to 352 mg/L (Hardness: 173 - 250 mg CaCO3/L). Benthic insect larvae were found to be more sensitive with EC50-values ranging from 26 to 48 mg/L (Hardness: 12 - 19 mg CaCO3/L).
- Executive summary:
The EU RAR reviews and summarizes the available data on short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates. Reported EC50 values for Daphnia spp. ranged from 97-352 mg/L and were based on nominal concentrations. For benthic trichoptera larvae EC50 values after 96 hours of exposure ranged between 26 – 48 mg F/L.
- Endpoint:
- short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- data from handbook or collection of data
- Qualifier:
- no guideline followed
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- The review includes summaries of a number of studies, performed to various guidelines
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Analytical monitoring:
- not specified
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on test solutions:
- no data
- Test organisms (species):
- other: Mysidopsis bahia and Perna perna
- Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- saltwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Remarks on exposure duration:
- The duration of the test ranged from 96-120 h.
- Post exposure observation period:
- no data
- Hardness:
- no data
- Test temperature:
- no data
- pH:
- no data
- Dissolved oxygen:
- no data
- Salinity:
- 20 ‰
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- no data
- Details on test conditions:
- no data
- Reference substance (positive control):
- not specified
- Key result
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 10.5 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- other: fluoride ion (F-)
- Basis for effect:
- not specified
- Remarks on result:
- other: Mysidopsis bahia; Salinity unknown (LeBlanc 1984)
- Duration:
- 120 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 39 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- estimated
- Conc. based on:
- other: fluoride ion (F-)
- Basis for effect:
- not specified
- Remarks on result:
- other: Perna perna; 1.5 - 2.5 cm, Salinity: 20 ‰ (Hemens & Warwick 1972)
- Duration:
- 120 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 20 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- estimated
- Conc. based on:
- other: fluoride ion (F-)
- Basis for effect:
- not specified
- Remarks on result:
- other: Perna perna; 4.5 - 7 cm, Salinity: 20 ‰ (Hemens & Warwick 1972)
- Details on results:
- The EC50 values for daphnids range from 97 to 352 mg/L and are based on nominal concentrations. The EC50 values for Perna perna were derived from the reported effect concentrations using the Spearmann-Karber environmental scenario.
- Results with reference substance (positive control):
- no data
- Reported statistics and error estimates:
- no data
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not specified
- Conclusions:
- The EC50 values for marine invertebrates exposed to sodium fluoride range from 10.5 to 39 mg/L.
- Executive summary:
The EU RAR reviews and summarizes the available data on short-term toxicity to marine invertebrates. Reported EC50 values for Mysidopsis bahia and Perna perna ranged from 10.5 - 39 mg F/L and are based on nominal concentrations.
Referenceopen allclose all
The EC50 values for daphnids range from 97 to 352 mg/L and are based on nominal concentrations. Water hardness in these studies ranged from 173 to 250 mg CaCO3/L. Benthic insect larvae were found to be more sensitive with EC50-values ranging from 26 to 48 mg/L (actual concentrations), but these tests were carried out in soft water. The EU RAR for hydrogen fluoride notes the existence of additional EC50 values in the range 109 to 340 mg F-/L, cited in the RIVM Integrated Criteria Document Fluoride (Slooff et al., 1988).
The EU RAR for hydrogen fluoride notes the existence of additional short-term toxicity EC50 values for marine invertebrates in the range of 30 - 500 mg F-/L, cited in the RIVM Integrated Criteria Document Fluoride (Slooff et al, 1988).
Description of key information
For daphnia magna an LC50 value of 97 mg F-/L after 48 hours of exposure was determined. This value corresponds to an LC50 of 132.44 mg LiF/L. For the marine species Mysidopsis bahia an LC50 of 10.5 mg F-/L was determined after an exposure duration of 48 hours. The recalculated LC50 for lithium fluoride is 14.34 mg/L (EU-RAR 2001).
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Fresh water invertebrates
Fresh water invertebrates
- Effect concentration:
- 132.44 mg/L
Marine water invertebrates
Marine water invertebrates
- Effect concentration:
- 14.34 mg/L
Additional information
A short-term toxicity study on aquatic
invertebrates with lithium fluoride is not available. Consequently,
read-across was applied using characteristically similar compounds,
lithium chloride and sodium fluoride.
Read-across with sodium fluoride (EU-RAR 2001):
The EU-RAR reviews and summarizes the available data on short-term
toxicity to marine and freshwater invertebrates. Reported EC50 values
for Daphnia spp. ranged from 97 - 352 mg/L (based on nominal
concentrations). The recalculated EC50 values for lithium fluoride are
between 132.44 - 480.62 mg/L for Daphnia spp. For benthic trichoptera
larvae EC50 values ranged between 26 – 48 mg F/L after 96 hours of
exposure, corresponding to 35.5 – 65.54 mg LiF/L.
Reported EC50 values for the marine species Mysidopsis bahia and Perna
perna ranged from 10.5 - 39 mg F/L (based on nominal concentrations).
Based on these data, the calculated EC50 values for lithium fluoride are
between 14.34 - 53.25 mg/L for the tested marine species.
Read-across with lithium chloride
(Toxikon 1997):
A static freshwater toxicity test
was conducted to determine the acute toxicity of lithium chloride to the
water flea, Daphnia magna, according to OECD Guideline 202. Mean
measured concentrations of lithium chloride ranged from 63.4 to 978 mg/L
and from 99 to 109 % of nominal. All test solutions appeared clear and
colourless and concentrations remained stable throughout the test.
Mortality of the water flea exposed for 48 hours to lithium chloride
ranged from 5 % at test concentrations smaller or equal to 123 mg/L and
100 % at a concentration greater than or equal to 501 mg/L. One water
flea treated with 63.4 mg/L died as a result of becoming physically
stuck to the wall of the test chamber, this death was not chemically
related. Control mortality was 0 %.The 48-hour EC50 was 249 mg Lithium
chloride/L with 95 % confidence limits of 197 and 315 mg/L. The NOEC was
63.4 mg/L. Based on the molecular weight the recalculated EC50 and NOEC
values for lithium fluoride are 152.37 mg/L and 38.8 mg/L, respectively.
Conclusion: Based on the
available data, the lowest observed EC50 values were 35.5 - 65 .54 mg
LiF/L (based on EC50 of 26 - 48 mg F/L) for benthic trichoptera larvae.
These values were not used for the risk assessment, because further
information about the study design is not given in the review article.
In addition, the use of trichoptera is not recommended in the guideline.
The results of the GLP study (Toxikon 1997, J9705004a) and EU RAR (2002)
with the guideline compliant species Daphnia magna showed a good
agreement with EC50 values of 152.37 mg LiF/L and 132.44 mg LiF/L. Since aquatic
invertebrates seemed to be more sensitive to fluoride compounds and for
worst-case consideration the lowest observed EC50 value (132.44 mg
LiF/L) with the guideline species Daphnia magna was considered as key
value. For marine species, the lowest observed EC50 value was 14.34 mg
LiF/L for Mysidopsis bahia after 96 hours of exposure and was therefore
chosen as key value.
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