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EC number: 203-606-5 | CAS number: 108-68-9
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Genetic toxicity: in vitro
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- in vitro gene mutation study in bacteria
- Remarks:
- Type of genotoxicity: gene mutation
- Type of information:
- migrated information: read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 22 April 2004 to 12 May 2004
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- study report
- Title:
- Unnamed
- Year:
- 2 004
- Report date:
- 2004
Materials and methods
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 471 (Bacterial Reverse Mutation Assay)
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Type of assay:
- bacterial reverse mutation assay
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Mixed xylenols
- IUPAC Name:
- Mixed xylenols
- Details on test material:
- - Name of test material (as cited in study report): mixed xylenols
- Substance type: alcohol
- Physical state: liquid
- Analytical purity: not stated
- Impurities (identity and concentrations):
- Composition of test material, percentage of components: 2,6-xylenol: 15.24%, 2,4-xylenol: 23.15%, 2,5-xylenol: 16.44%, 2,3-xylenol: 18.82%, 3,5-xylenol: 10.71%, 3,4-xylenol: 15.38% and other compounds
- Isomers composition: not applicable
- Purity test date: not stated
- Lot/batch No.: 20NOV2003
- Expiration date of the lot/batch: not stated
- Stability under test conditions: not stated
- Storage condition of test material: room temperature in the dark
Constituent 1
Method
Species / strainopen allclose all
- Species / strain / cell type:
- S. typhimurium TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 98 and TA 100
- Additional strain / cell type characteristics:
- not specified
- Species / strain / cell type:
- E. coli WP2 uvr A
- Additional strain / cell type characteristics:
- not specified
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Metabolic activation system:
- S9 derived from Aroclor 1254 induced male Sprague-Dawley rats
- Test concentrations with justification for top dose:
- 6.7, 10, 33, 67, 100, 333, 667, 1000, 3333 and 5000 µg/plate for strains TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1537 and WP2 uvrA for the preliminary toxicity study (with and without metabolic activation).
75, 200, 600, 1800 and 5000 µg/plate for TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1537 and WP2 uvrA for the bacterial mutation assay (with and without metabolic activation). - Vehicle / solvent:
- - Vehicle(s)/solvent(s) used: dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) used for vehicle and positive control solvent (2-aminoanthracene, 2-nitrofluorene, 9-aminoacridine and methyl methanesulphonate). Water used as a postive control solvent for sodium azide.
- Justification for choice of solvent/vehicle: Not soluble in prefereable solvent (water), therefore DMSO used which is commonly used solvent.
Controls
- Untreated negative controls:
- no
- Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
- yes
- Remarks:
- DMSO
- True negative controls:
- no
- Positive controls:
- yes
- Positive control substance:
- other: 2-aminoanthracene (+S9 for all strains); 2-nitrofluorene (-S9, TA98); Sodium azide (-S9, TA100, TA1535); 9-aminoacridine (-S9, TA1537); methyl methansulfonate (-S9, Wp2uvrA)
- Remarks:
- 2-aminoanthracene for WP2 uvrA in the presence of metabolic activation. 2-nitroluorene for TA98; sodium azide for TA100 and TA1535; 9-aminoacridine for TA1537; methyl methanesulfonate for WP2 uvrA in the absence of metabolic activation.
- Details on test system and experimental conditions:
- METHOD OF APPLICATION: plate incorporation
DURATION
- Exposure duration: 48 - 72 hours
- Plates that were not counted immediately following the incubation period were stored at 2-8°C until colony counting could be conducted. - Evaluation criteria:
- All cultures must demonstrate the characteristic mean number of spontaneous revertants in the vehicle controls. The mean of each positive control must exhibit at least a 3.0 fold increase in the number of revertants over the mean value of the respective control. A minimum of three non toxic dose levels is required for evaluation. A dose level is considered to be toxic if there is a >50% reduction in the mean number of revertants/plate compared to the mean vehicle control value and at least a moderate reduction in the background lawn. (codes 3,4,5 ).
- Statistics:
- None undertaken, but rather a fold increase was used to interpret the data.
Results and discussion
Test resultsopen allclose all
- Species / strain:
- S. typhimurium TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 98 and TA 100
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Genotoxicity:
- negative
- Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
- cytotoxicity
- Remarks:
- Determined by visual assessment of the background lawn
- Vehicle controls validity:
- valid
- Untreated negative controls validity:
- not applicable
- Positive controls validity:
- valid
- Species / strain:
- E. coli WP2 uvr A
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Genotoxicity:
- negative
- Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
- not specified
- Vehicle controls validity:
- valid
- Untreated negative controls validity:
- not applicable
- Positive controls validity:
- valid
- Additional information on results:
- COMPARISON WITH HISTORICAL CONTROL DATA: Historical control data were found to support the study outcome.
- Remarks on result:
- other: all strains/cell types tested
- Remarks:
- Migrated from field 'Test system'.
Any other information on results incl. tables
The results of the genotoxicity study found that mixed xylenols were not genotoxic at any dose level tested. A summary of the results are presented below.
Table 1: Summary of results of the mutagenicity assay
Dose (µg/plate) |
Average revertants per plate ± standard deviation |
||||
TA98 |
TA100 |
TA1535 |
TA1537 |
WP2 uvrA |
|
In the absence of metabolic activation (values in parathenesis refer to background lawn, a measure of cytotoxicity) |
|||||
Vehicle control |
17 ± 2 (1) |
153 ± 13 (1) |
16 ± 2 (1) |
7 ± 2 (1) |
24 ± 3 (1) |
75 |
14 ± 5 (1) |
126 ± 3 (1) |
23 ± 5 (1) |
7 ± 1 (1) |
24 ± 2 (1) |
200 |
17 ± 2 (1) |
126 ± 31 (1) |
19 ± 4 (1) |
6 ± 2 (1) |
20 ± 5 (1) |
600 |
14 ± 5 (1) |
133 ± 26 (1) |
19 ± 2 (1) |
6 ± 1 (1) |
15 ± 3 (1) |
1800 |
16 ± 3 (1) |
125 ± 11 (1) |
21 ± 7 (1) |
4 ± 1 (1) |
13 ± 3 (1) |
5000 |
3 ± 1 (3) |
0 ± 0 (4) |
3 ± 1 (3) |
0 ± 0 (4) |
1 ± 2 (4) |
Positive control |
115 ± 12 (1) |
551 ± 8 (1) |
272 ± 6 (1) |
644 ± 121 (1) |
117 ± 7 (1) |
In the presence of metabolic activation |
|||||
Vehicle control |
20 ± 2 (1) |
151 ± 15 (1) |
17 ± 5 (1) |
6 ± 2 (1) |
20 ± 6 (1) |
75 |
22 ± 5 (1) |
163 ± 20 (1) |
17 ± 2 (1) |
5 ± 1 (1) |
19 ± 6 (1) |
200 |
18 ± 5 (1) |
168 ± 6 (1) |
19 ± 2 (1) |
6 ± 2 (1) |
16 ± 2 (1) |
600 |
22 ± 3 (1) |
154 ± 6 (1) |
21 ± 4 (1) |
6 ± 3 (1) |
16 ± 3 (1) |
1800 |
22 ± 2 (1) |
144 ± 11 (1) |
23 ± 2 (1) |
6 ± 2 (1) |
9 ± 3 (1) |
5000 |
4 ± 2 (1) |
0 ± 0 (4) |
6 ± 2 (3) |
0 ± 0 (4) |
0 ± 0 (4) |
Positive control |
1000 ± 147 (1) |
74 ± 74 (1) |
108 ± 9 (1) |
128 ± 17 (1) |
794 ± 95 (1) |
Background lawn code
1. Normal
3. Moderately reduced
4. Extremley reduced
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- Interpretation of results (migrated information):
negative with metabolic activation
negative without metabolic activation
It is concluded that mixed xylenols showed no evidence of mutagenic activity in this bacterial system when tested up to 5000 ug/plate (the maximum concentration in accordance with current guidelines) under the test conditions employed. - Executive summary:
All criteria for a valid study were met. The plate incorporation method was used. Whilst a confirmatory second test was not undertaken, the preliminary toxicity test also determined the number of revertant colonies in both the presence and absence of S9 mix, with all strains. The maximum dose tested in all strains was 5000 ug/plate (the maximum dose in accordance with current guidelines). Toxicity was observed begining at 1800 or 5000 ug/mL. Mixed xylenols were therefore concluded to be negative for genotoxicity.
As 3,5 xylenol was only present in the mixture at 10.71%, the maximum concentration that this isomer was tested up to was equivalent to ~535 µg/plate. In the absence of marked toxicity higher concentrations could have been tolerated in the test system.
Four further Ames studies (Deanet al.,1985; Florinet al., 1985; Pool & Lin, 1982 and Curren, 1980) on 2,4; 2,6 and 3,5 xylenol show that similar isomers are indistinguishable in the Ames assay. This provides strong evidence that read across in particular from both 2,4 and 2,6-xylenol can be used to provide support for 3,5-xylenol, confirming that up to a maximum recommended concentration (5 mg/plate) there is no evidence of gene mutation in this assay type. These studies have been included as supporting studies.
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