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EC number: 202-433-2 | CAS number: 95-57-8
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 3 (not reliable)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- significant methodological deficiencies
- Remarks:
- No clear derivation of effect concentrations (extrapolation)
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- The effect of the test substance on the algae was evaluated by measuring changes in chlorophyll content of the algal supensions every 24 h until 72 h of expsoure.
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Analytical monitoring:
- no
- Vehicle:
- not specified
- Details on test solutions:
- PREPARATION AND APPLICATION OF TEST SOLUTION
- Method: A typical test tube contained 15 mL of inorganic culture medium, a predetermined amount of the test substance and 5 mL of the algal culture.
- Controls: yes - Test organisms (species):
- Chlorella pyrenoidosa
- Details on test organisms:
- TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: freshwater green algae
- Strain: Emerson, bacteria-free
- Source: in-house culture
- Method of cultivation: A culture was maintained under steady-state conditions.
ACCLIMATION
- Acclimation period: All tests involved a 2 h adaptation period.
- Culturing media and conditions: same as test - Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 72 h
- Test temperature:
- 25 ± 1 °C
- pH:
- 7.0
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- Nominal: control, 100, 250, 500, and 1000 mg/L
- Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Test vessel: Test tubes
- Type (delete if not applicable): Closed with cotton plugs.
- Fill volume: 20 mL plus a predetermined amount of the test substance.
- Aeration: Yes, a stream of 5% CO2 in air gas mixture was supplied to provide the inorganic carbon source and also to keep the algal cells in suspension.
- Initial cells density: 2 mg (dry wt.) equivalent to a packed cell volume of 7.6 mm3 or a chlorophyll content of 0.076 mg.
- No. of vessels per concentration (replicates): 3
- No. of vessels per control (replicates): 3
GROWTH MEDIUM
- Standard medium used: Knop´s solution, including the Hutner-EDTA microelement addition (Myers, 1950)
TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS
- Culture medium different from test medium: no
OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Sterile test conditions: Prior to each test the test tubes, aluminum cover caps, caillary glass tubes used to supply the air-CO2 mixture, cotton plugs, rubber tubing, glassware and pipettes were sterilized with the aid of an autoclave. Upon cooling, the culture medium, organic solution, and algae suspension were carefully added to each test tube. While the culture medium was not sterilized, studies indicated that the data were not influenced adversely by the use of this technique.
- Photoperiod: continuous illumination
- Light intensity and quality: four 200 W fluorescent lamps with attached aluminum reflectors
EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED:
- Chlorophyll measurement: spectrophotometer (Beckman, Model DB), according to MacKinney (1941) and Arnon (1949), using a wavelength of 652 µm.
- Other: Photosynthetic gas exchange (oxygen production) was also measured by a direct manometric technique. - Reference substance (positive control):
- not specified
- Key result
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC100
- Effect conc.:
- 500 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- other: chlorophyll [mg/L]
- Remarks on result:
- other: extrapolated value
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 3 (not reliable)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- significant methodological deficiencies
- Remarks:
- Test duration was only 48 h instead of min. 72 h as recommended in the ECHA Guidance R.7b (ECHA, 2016)
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- other: DIN 38 412, Part 9 (draft standard)
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Vehicle:
- not specified
- Remarks:
- In total, 68 substances were tested. In some cases it was necessary to dissolve the substance in a relatively high concentration in pure ethanol (unmethylated, 40 mg in 10 mL) so that only volumes in the µL range were necessary for the stock solution.
- Details on test solutions:
- PREPARATION AND APPLICATION OF TEST SOLUTION
- Method: In total 68 substances were tested. The test solutions were prepared in two different ways, depending on the properties of the substance. Water-soluble substances were quantitatively dissolved to produce an optically clear stock solution in 800 mL double-distilled water using magnetic stirrers (maximum 24 h). For very poorly soluble substances, an attempt was also made to dissolve them quantitatively in 800 mL double-distilled water using magnetic stirrers. Optically unclear solutions were filtered through fibre-glass filters and the filtrate was quantified chemically. In some cases it was necessary to dissolve the substance in a relatively high concentration in pure ethanol (unmethylated) (40 mg in 10 mL) so that only volumes in the µL range had to be transferred to the double-distilled water for the production of the stock solution. Before beginning the test, the stock solutions of the substance to be tested (sample) were adjusted to pH 8.0 ± 0.3.
- Chemical name of vehicle: unmethylated pure ethanol (if applicable) - Test organisms (species):
- Desmodesmus subspicatus (previous name: Scenedesmus subspicatus)
- Details on test organisms:
- TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: freshwater green algae
- Strain: 8681 SAG
- Source: in-house submerged culture
- Age of inoculum (at test initiation): 3 d
- Method of cultivation: 100 mL Erlenmeyer flasks with metal caps containing 20 mL nutrient solution were sterilized in a steam sterilizer for 30 min on 2 consecutive days. After cooling, the contents of each flask were inoculated with 2 mL cell suspension taken from a 10 d old stock culture. The inoculated flasks were placed on a white surface, protected from daylight and exposed to constant lighting from two parallel fluorescent Osram 40 W/30 tubes (distance from each tube 60 cm: irradiance E0, Sy = 24.9 W/m²) at 24 ± 1 °C and relative humidity of 50%. To maintain the test strain, fresh stock cultures were prepared in 10 d intervals.
ACCLIMATION
- Culturing media and conditions (same as test or not): same as test
- Preparation of preliminary cultures for test: The cultivation of the preliminary cultures was undertaken 3 d prior to the preparation of the test solution. For this purpose, 50 mL nutrient solution (for test cultures) were filled into 300 mL Erlenmeyer flasks with metal caps and inoculated with algal cells from 7 d-old stock cultures. The cell concentration in the preliminary culture flasks was 1E+04/mL. This was to ensure that the culture was still in a process of logarithmic growth after 72 h. The cell material of the preliminary cultures was used after 72 h to inoculate the dilution preparation after the cell concentration had been fixed at 1E+05/mL. - Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 48 h
- Test temperature:
- 24 ± 1 °C
- pH:
- 8.0 ± 0.3 (test substance stock solution before test begin)
8.2 (after 24 h), 9.3 (after 72 h) - Nominal and measured concentrations:
- Nominal: 1.6 - 200 mg/L
- Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Test vessel: 300 mL Erlenmeyer flasks or 250 mL wide-necked (34/35) bottles (the latter for volatile and/or strongly smelling substances)
- Type: closed with metal caps (300 mL Erlenmeyer flasks); closed with ground-glass stoppers (250 mL wide-necked bottles)
- Material, size, headspace, fill volume: Fill volume: 50 mL
- Initial cells density: 1E+04 cells/mL (300 mL flasks) and 1E+05 cells/mL (250 mL bottles)
- Control end cells density: 3E+05 cells/mL (48 h)
- No. of vessels per concentration (replicates): 2
- No. of vessels per control (replicates): 2
GROWTH MEDIUM
- Standard medium used: not specified
- Detailed composition if non-standard medium was used: Nutrient solution (for stock cultures): Dissolve in double-distilled water: 496 mg sodium nitrate, NaNO 3, AR; 39 mg dipotassium hydrogen phosphate, K2HPO4 anhydrous, high purity; 75 mg magnesium sulphate, MgSO4.7 H2O, AR; 36mg calcium chloride, CaCI2.2H2O, AR; 40 mg sodium metasilicate, Na2SiO3;
58 mg sodium carbonate, Na2CO3, anhydrous, AR; 3 mg citric acid, C6H8O7.H20, AR; 3 mg iron (IlI) citrate, C6H5FeO2.5H2O; 10 mg disodium salt of ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid, C100H14N2Na2O8. 2H2O. Add 10 mL of the trace elements operating solution, complete to 1 L with double distilled water.
Stock solution (trace elements): Dissolve in double-distilled water: 2.86g boric acid H3BO3, AR; 1.81 g manganese (II) chloride, MnCl2.4H2O. AR; 220 mg zinc sulphate, ZnSO4.7H2O, AR; 80 mg copper (II) sulphate, CuSO4.5H2O, AR; 24 mg sodium molybdate, Na2MoO4.2H2O, AR; 40 mg cobalt (II) chloride, CoCl2.6H2O, AR. Complete solution with double-distilled water to 1 L in a volumetric flask.
Operating solution of trace elements: Complete 4 mL of stock solution with double-distilled water to 100 mL in a volumetric flask.
TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS
- Source/preparation of dilution water: double-distilled water
- Culture medium different from test medium: no
OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Sterile test conditions: yes
- Adjustment of pH: yes, the stock solutions of the test substance was adjusted to pH 8 ± 0.3 prior to test begin.
- Photoperiod: constant lighting
- Light intensity and quality:irradiance E = 17.0 W/m², Osram L 25/40 fluorescent tubes
- Intervals of water quality measurement: The pH-value was measured in each test and control vessel after determining the optical density.
EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED:
- Determination of cell concentrations: biomass (optical density, i.e. turbidity) measured by spectrophotometer (6115 S, filter 578 nm, 1 or 2 cm cell flask)
- Other: monochromatic radiation (578 nm)
TEST CONCENTRATIONS
- Spacing factor for test concentrations: 2 - Reference substance (positive control):
- not specified
- Key result
- Duration:
- 48 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 42 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Key result
- Duration:
- 48 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 85 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- comparable to guideline study with acceptable restrictions
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 201 (Alga, Growth Inhibition Test)
- Version / remarks:
- 1981
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Analytical monitoring:
- no
- Vehicle:
- no
- Test organisms (species):
- other: Selenastrum capricornutum and Chlorella vulgaris
- Details on test organisms:
- TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: freshwater green algae
- Source: National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan (S. capricornutum); Institute of Applied Microbiology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (C. vulgaris)
- Age of inoculum (at test initiation): 4 - 5 d
- Method of cultivation: Precultures were incubated at 21 ± 1 °C in the culture medium Gorham (pH 7.5) under continuous illumination of 4000 lux. - Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 96 h
- Test temperature:
- 21 ± 1 °C
- Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Test vessel: sterile Erlenmeyer flasks
- Type: foam-plugged
- Material, size, headspace, fill volume: Size: 500 mL; Fill volume: 100 mL; Headspace: 400 mL
- Initial cells density: 5 x E+04 cells/mL
- No. of vessels per concentration (replicates): 3
- No. of vessels per control (replicates): 3
- Other: The flasks were placed on a shaking incubator (Ito Seisakusho Ltd, Tokyo, Japan)
GROWTH MEDIUM
- Standard medium used: yes, Gorham´s medium
- Detailed composition (mg/L): NaNO3, 99.2; K2HPO4, 7.8; MgSO4-7H2O, 15.0; CaCl2-2H2O, 7.2; Na2CO3, 4.0; Na2-CO3SiO3 -9H2O, 11.6; EDTA, 1.0; citric acid, 1.2;
and ferric citrate, 1.2; plus Gaffron trace element solution, 0.08 ml. Gaffron trace element solution consists of the following (g/L): H3BO3, 3.100; MnSO4-4H2O, 2.230; ZnSO4-7H2O, 0.287; (NH4)6Mo7O24-4H2O, 0.088; CuSO4-5H2O, 0.125; Co(NO3)2-6H2O, 0.146; Al2(SO4)3K2SO4-24H2O, 0.474; NiSO4(NH4)2SO4-6H2O, 0.198; Cd(NO3)2-4H2O, 0 .154; Cr(NO3)3-7 H2O, 0.037; V2O4(SO4)3-16H2O, 0.035; Na2WO4-2H2O, 0.033; KBr, 0.119; and KI, 0.083
TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS
- Culture medium different from test medium: no
OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Sterile test conditions: yes
- Photoperiod: continuous light
- Light intensity and quality: 4000 lux
EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED:
- Determination of cell concentrations: after 0, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h by electronic particle counter (Coulter counter TA-II, Coulter Electronics, Hialeah, FL, USA)
TEST CONCENTRATIONS
- Spacing factor for test concentrations: 1.5 - 2.0
- Range finding study: yes - Reference substance (positive control):
- not specified
- Key result
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 70 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Remarks on result:
- other: S. capricornutum
- Key result
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 170 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Remarks on result:
- other: C. vulgaris
Referenceopen allclose all
Description of key information
ErC50 (96 h): 70.0 mg/L (S. capricornutum, OECD 201)
Key value for chemical safety assessment
- EC50 for freshwater algae:
- 70 mg/L
Additional information
There are three scientific publications available investigating the toxicity of the substance to different species of aquatic freshwater green algae. All studies are performed under non-GLP conditions but according to internationally accepted guidelines. It is considered to be justified to use the available studies in a weight of evidence approach to assess the toxicity to aquatic algae. The reported ErC50 values were 70.0 mg/L (96 h, S. capricornutum), 170.0 mg/L (96 h, C. vulgaris), and 85 mg/L (48 h, S. subspicatus/D. subspicatus).
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
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