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EC number: 276-743-1 | CAS number: 72624-02-3
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Toxicity to reproduction
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- screening for reproductive / developmental toxicity
- Remarks:
- based on test type (migrated information)
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- November 2011-March 2012
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: The study was performed according to OECD and US EPA guidelines and according to GLP principles.
Cross-reference
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- study report
- Title:
- Unnamed
- Year:
- 2 012
- Report date:
- 2012
Materials and methods
Test guidelineopen allclose all
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- other: US EPA OPPTS 870.3550
- Deviations:
- no
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 421 (Reproduction / Developmental Toxicity Screening Test)
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Limit test:
- no
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Phenol, heptyl derivs.
- EC Number:
- 276-743-1
- EC Name:
- Phenol, heptyl derivs.
- Cas Number:
- 72624-02-3
- Molecular formula:
- C13H20O
- IUPAC Name:
- 4-(2-methylhexyl)phenol; 4-heptylphenol
- Details on test material:
- - Physical state: light brown, clear, viscous liquid
- Storage condition of test material: stored at room temperature
Constituent 1
Test animals
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- Sprague-Dawley
- Sex:
- male/female
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Charles River Laboratories, Inc., Portage, MI or Raleigh, NC
- Age at study initiation: (P) 10 wks
- Weight at study initiation: (P) Males: 331-391 g; Females: 211-291 g
- Fasting period before study: no
- Housing: until pairing: individually in stainless steel wire-mesh cage; paired for mating in male cage; after mating males were housed in suspended wire-mesh cages; females were transferred to plastic maternity cages with nesting material, ground corncob bedding.
- Use of restrainers for preventing ingestion (if dermal): yes/no
- Diet: ad libitum PMI Nutrition International, LLC Certified Rodent LabDiet 5002
- Water: ad libitum (reverse-osmosis-purified on-site drinking water)
- Acclimation period: minimum of 10 days for males and 15 days for females
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°C): 21.2-21.4
- Humidity (%): 42.9-48.8
- Air changes (per hr): at least 10
- Photoperiod (hrs dark / hrs light): 12/12
IN-LIFE DATES: From: 2 December 2011 To: 22 January 2012
Administration / exposure
- Route of administration:
- oral: gavage
- Vehicle:
- corn oil
- Details on exposure:
- PREPARATION OF DOSING SOLUTIONS:
Test substance formulations were prepared approximately weekly for each dosage level, divided into daily aliquots and stored refrigerated. Test substance concentrations were 0, 4, 8, 16 and 32 mg/mL.
Dosage volume for all groups was 5 mL/kg.
VEHICLE
- Lot/batch no.: 2AD0465 - Details on mating procedure:
- - M/F ratio per cage: 1/1
- Proof of pregnancy: vaginal plug or the presence of sperm following a vaginal lavage referred to as day 0 of pregnancy
- After successful mating each pregnant female was caged: individually into plastic maternity cages with nesting material, ground corncob bedding. - Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- yes
- Details on analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- Samples were collected from the middle stratum of each dosing formulation (including control group) prepared during the first and the last week of dose administration. Analyses were conducted by means of a validated gas chromatography method using flame ionization detection. Mean concentrations ranged from 95.3% to 108% of target concentration.
- Duration of treatment / exposure:
- males: 14 daily doses prior to mating; throughout mating period for a total of 31 doses
females: 14 daily doses prior to pairing, dosed through lactation day 3 (females that delivered) or post-mating day 25 (females that failed to deliver) for a total of 39-51 doses - Frequency of treatment:
- daily
Doses / concentrations
- Remarks:
- Doses / Concentrations:
0, 20, 40, 80, 160 mg/kg bw/day
Basis:
actual ingested
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 12
- Control animals:
- yes, concurrent vehicle
- Details on study design:
- - Dose selection rationale: based on the results of the 28-day OECD 407 study, where a NOAEL of 150 mg/kg bw/day was observed (no significant effects observed). For the present screening study a top dose of 160 mg/kg bw/day was included to increase the probability for detecting some adverse effects, without risking the possibility of excess toxicity due to the longer duration.
Examinations
- Parental animals: Observations and examinations:
- CAGE SIDE OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: twice daily
- for moribundity and mortality, and for signs of toxicity 2 hours following dose administration. Females expected to deliver were observed for dystocia or other difficulties.
DETAILED CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: weekly
BODY WEIGHT: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: weekly for males and weekly for females until evidence of copulation. Female body weights were recorded on GD 0, 4, 7, 11, 14, 17 and 20 and on lactation days 0, 1 and 4.
FOOD CONSUMPTION: Yes
- Food consumption for each animal determined as g food/kg body weight/day: Yes
WATER CONSUMPTION: No - Sperm parameters (parental animals):
- Parameters examined in P male parental generations:
testis weight, epididymides weight, seminal vesicle weight; microscopic examinations of testes, epididymides, seminal vesicles, coagulating glands and prostate gland. - Litter observations:
- STANDARDISATION OF LITTERS
- Performed on day 4 postpartum: no
- all pups
PARAMETERS EXAMINED
The following parameters were examined in F1 offspring:
litter size, number and sex of pups, stillbirths, live births, postnatal mortality, presence of gross anomalies, weight gain, physical or behavioural abnormalities
GROSS EXAMINATION OF DEAD PUPS:
yes, for external and internal abnormalities - Postmortem examinations (parental animals):
- SACRIFICE
- Male animals: All surviving animals following completion of the mating period.
- Maternal animals: All surviving animals on lactation day 4 (females that delivered) or on post-mating day 25 (females that failed to deliver)
GROSS NECROPSY
- Gross necropsy consisted of external and internal examinations including external surface, all orifices and the cranial, thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities, including viscera. Moreover the number and location of corpora lutea and implantation sites were examined , and uteri were investigated for early implantation loss.
HISTOPATHOLOGY / ORGAN WEIGHTS
The tissues according to guidelines were prepared for microscopic examination and weighed, respectively. - Postmortem examinations (offspring):
- SACRIFICE
- The F1 offspring was sacrificed at 4 days of age and discarded. - Statistics:
- Analyses were conducted using two-tailed tests for minimum significance levels of 1% and 5%, comparing each test substance-treated group to the control group by sex.
Parental mating, fertility, conception and copulation indices were analyzed using the Chi-square test with Yates' correction factor. A parametric one-way ANOVA to determine intergroup differences was applied to mean parental BW, BW changes and food consumption, offspring BW and BW changes, gestation length, numbers of implantation sites, number of pups born, live litter size on PND 0, corpora lutea, organ weights (absolute and relative) and pre-coital intervals. If the ANOVA revealed significant (p<0.05) intergroup variance, Dunnett's test was used to compare the test substance-treated groups to the control group. Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric ANOVA was used to determine intergroup-differences for mean litter proportions of males at birth and postnatal survival. If the ANOVA revealed significant (p<0.05) intergroup variance, Dunn's test was used to compare the test substance-treated groups to the control group. Histopathological findings of treated groups were compared to the control group by the Fisher's Exact test. - Reproductive indices:
- Mating, fertility, and copulation/conception indices were calculated as follows:
Male (Female)
Mating Index (%) = (No. of Males (Females) with Evidence of Mating (or Confirmed Pregnant)/Total No. of Males (Females) Used for Mating) x 100
Male Fertility
Index (%) = (No. of Males Siring a Litter/Total No. of Males Used for Mating) x 100
Male Copulation Index (%) = (No. of Males Siring a Litter/No. of Males with Evidence of Mating (or Females with Confirmed Pregnancy)) x 100
Female Fertility
Index (%) = (No. of Females with Confirmed Pregnancy/Total No. of Females Used for Mating) x 100
Female Conception Index (%) = (No. of Females with Confirmed Pregnancy/ No. of Females with Evidence of Mating (or Confirmed Pregnancy)) x 100 - Offspring viability indices:
- Litter parameters were defined as follows:
Mean Live Litter Size = Total No. of Viable Pups on PND 0/ No. of Litters with Viable Pups PND 0
Postnatal Survival Between Birth and PND 0 or PND 4 (Pre-selection) (% Per Litter) =
(Sum of (Viable Pups Per Litter on PND 0 or PND 4 [Pre-selection]/No. of Pups Born Per Litter)/No. of Litters Per Group) x 100
Postnatal Survival for All
Other Intervals (% Per Litter) = (Sum of (Viable Pups Per Litter at End of Interval N/Viable Pups Per Litter at Start of Interval N)/No. of Litters Per Group) x 100
Where N= PND 0-1 and 1-4
Results and discussion
Results: P0 (first parental generation)
General toxicity (P0)
- Clinical signs:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- non-dose related salivation
- Body weight and weight changes:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- slightly decreased food intake and BW gain in males only
- Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- slightly decreased food intake and BW gain in males only
- Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- male liver and kidneys
- Other effects:
- not examined
Reproductive function / performance (P0)
- Reproductive function: oestrous cycle:
- not examined
- Reproductive function: sperm measures:
- not examined
- Reproductive performance:
- no effects observed
Details on results (P0)
Salivation prior to dosing and clear material around nose and mouth are considered test substance related but not to be adverse.
BODY WEIGHT AND FOOD CONSUMPTION (PARENTAL ANIMALS):
High dose males showed slightly lower, statistically significant during days 13-20 and 0-31, mean BW gain on day 31 (-6.3%) compared to controls.
ORGAN WEIGHTS (PARENTAL ANIMALS):
Mean (absolute and relative) liver weights were statistically significant increased in high dose females by 16 and 19.8%, respectively. In high dose males relative liver weight was statistically significant increased (17%) and relative kidney weight was increased by 12.7%. These observations are considered non-adverse.
HISTOPATHOLOGY (PARENTAL ANIMALS)
In high dose males increased hepatocellular vacuolation (minimal and mild) were observed; kidneys of high dose males showed an increase in basophilic tubules and an increase in minimal tubular dilatation. These observations are considered non-adverse.
Effect levels (P0)
open allclose all
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- 80 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male/female
- Basis for effect level:
- other: overall effects slightly lower bw gain in high dose males.
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Remarks:
- reproduction
- Effect level:
- >= 160 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male/female
- Basis for effect level:
- other: see 'Remark'
Results: F1 generation
General toxicity (F1)
- Clinical signs:
- no effects observed
- Mortality / viability:
- no mortality observed
- Body weight and weight changes:
- no effects observed
- Sexual maturation:
- not examined
- Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
- not examined
- Gross pathological findings:
- no effects observed
- Histopathological findings:
- not examined
Details on results (F1)
Lower mean number of pups born (11.9 and 11.3 pups per dam) were observed in the 80 and 160 mg/kg bw/day groups, respectively (control group 14.5 pups per dam). However, the results from the 80 mg/kg bw/day group are comparable to the historical minimum values observed in WIL historical control data, 11.7 pups per dam. Furthermore, the lower mean number of pups born in the high dose group were primarily attributed to one female (single pup born). Excluding this female , -mean number of pups born was 12.2, which is well within WIL historical data ranges. The observed lower mean values for pups born in the 80 and 160 mg/kg bw/day groups are considered therefore not toxicologiccally relevant or test-substance related.
Effect levels (F1)
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Remarks:
- developmental
- Generation:
- F1
- Effect level:
- >= 160 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male/female
- Basis for effect level:
- other: No developmental toxicity was observed up to the highest dose level tested (160 mg/kg bw/day).
Overall reproductive toxicity
- Reproductive effects observed:
- not specified
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- Treatment with test item by oral gavage in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats at dose levels of 20, 40, 80 and 160 mg/kg bw/day according to EU/EPA test guidelines resulted in slightly lower body weight gain in high dose male rats. Based on these observations in high dose animals, the NOAEL for parental systemic toxicity is 80 mg/kg bw/day. No reproduction and developmental toxicity was observed for treatment up to 160 mg/kg bw/day. A reproduction and developmental NOAEL of at least 160 mg/kg bw/day was derived.
- Executive summary:
Test Guidance
According to OECD 421 and US EPA OPPTS 870.3550 guidelines
Method and materials
Test item was administrated by daily oral gavage to male and female Sprague-Dawley rats at dose levels of 20, 40, 80 and 160 mg/kg bw/day. Males were exposed for 2 weeks prior to mating, during mating and up to termination (total of 31 doses). The females were exposed for 2 weeks prior to mating, during mating, during post-coitum, and during 3 days of lactation (39 -51 doses).
Results
Analysis demonstrated mean concentration ranges from 95.3% to 108% of target concentrations.
Parental toxicity was observed at the high dose only, and consisted of slightly lower body weight gain in high dose male rats at 160 mg/kg bw/day. The observed statistically significant increased relative liver weights in males and females, and increased absolute liver weights in females, together with increased hepatocellular vacuolation and increased minimal tubular dilation in kidneys observed in high dose males are considered non-adverse. Based on these observations in high dose animals, the NOAEL for parental systemic toxicity is 80 mg/kg bw/day. Maternal toxicity was at least 160 mg/kg bw/day, as no adverse effects were observed in dams.
Conclusions
No reproduction and developmental toxicity was observed for treatment up to 160 mg/kg bw/day. A reproduction and developmental NOAEL of at least 160 mg/kg bw/day was derived.
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