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EC number: 234-576-1 | CAS number: 12012-35-0
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Dermal absorption
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- dermal absorption in vitro / ex vivo
- Type of information:
- migrated information: read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: see 'Remark'
- Remarks:
- Comparable to guideline study. The release of chromium from chromium carbide is very similar to the release from chromium metal and chromium(III) oxide and therefore the results obtained with these substances can readily be used in the assessment of trichromium dicarbide.
Cross-reference
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to other study
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- In vitro absorption of metal powders through intact and damaged human skin
- Author:
- Larese Filon F, D'Agostin F, Crosera M, Adami G, Bovenzi M and Maina G
- Year:
- 2 009
- Bibliographic source:
- Toxicology in Vitro 23, 574-579
Materials and methods
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 428 (Skin Absorption: In Vitro Method)
- Deviations:
- yes
- Remarks:
- (in addition to intact skin, also damaged skin was used)
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- To carry out the experiments, the authors used the experience and protocols employed during the European project EDETOX (evaluations and predictions of dermal absorption of toxic chemicals), funded by EU.
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Chromium
- EC Number:
- 231-157-5
- EC Name:
- Chromium
- Cas Number:
- 7440-47-3
- Molecular formula:
- Cr
- IUPAC Name:
- chromium
- Details on test material:
- - Name of test material (as cited in study report): Chromium powder (CAS 7440-47-3)
- Substance type: powder, APS<10 micron
- Physical state: powder
- Analytical purity: 99,8% (metals basis)
- Impurities (identity and concentrations): no data
- Composition of test material, percentage of components: no data
- Isomers composition: no data
- Purity test date: no data
- Lot/batch No.: no data
- Expiration date of the lot/batch: no data
- Stability under test conditions: no data
- Storage condition of test material: no data
- Other: Manufacturer: Alfa Aesar (Karslruhe, Germany)
Constituent 1
- Radiolabelling:
- no
Administration / exposure
- Details on in vitro test system (if applicable):
- SKIN PREPARATION
- Source of skin: human (surgical waste)
- Ethical approval if human skin: no data
- Type of skin: full thickness skin
- Preparative technique: Skin obtained as surgical waste. Prior to freezing, subcutaneous fat was removed and hair shaved. In addition to intact skin, damaged skin was also prepared (skin abraded by drawing the point of a 19-gauge hypodermic needle across the surface; 20 marks in one direction and 20 perpendiculars).
- Thickness of skin (in mm): <1mm ; mean exposed skin area 3.92 cm2
- Membrane integrity check: Skin integrity was checked before and after each experiment using electrical conductibility by means of a conductometer (Metrohm, 660 Conductometer, Herisau, Switzerland). The electrical conductance data (as µS) were converted to K[omega]cm-2. Cells with a resistance <3.95 ± 0.27 K[omega]cm-2were considered to be damaged.
- Storage conditions: Freezer -25 C for a period up to (but not exceeding) 4 months
- Justification of species, anatomical site and preparative technique: no data
PRINCIPLES OF ASSAY
- Diffusion cell: Franz diffusion cells
- Cr metal powder was suspended in a synthetic sweat solution with pH 4.5
- Receptor fluid: phosphate buffered saline (PBS) (pH 7.35)
- Solubility of test substance in receptor fluid: no data
- The chromium powder in synthetic sweat was added to the exposure chamber.
- Test temperature: 32 C
- Humidity: no data
- Occlusion: no data
- Reference substance(s): no data
- Other: At 24 h the dermal bathing solution was removed and Cr concentration in the receptor fluid was determined by electro-thermal atomic absorption spectrometry.
After the experiments the skin was stored in a freezer at -25 C. Before analysis, the skin membranes were dried for 24 h at room temperature. Then the exposed area was cut into sections, weighted and digested in 70% v/v HNO3
Results and discussion
- Absorption in different matrices:
- No significant differences were found when measuring Cr concentrations in the receiving cells after experiments with intact or damaged skin.
The amounts of Cr found in the damaged skin after removing the skin from the test cells were significantly higher compared with the amounts found in intact skin (62.1 µg/cm2 versus 14.4 µg/cm2 respectively).
AAS analyses showed that Cr was present as ions in the donor phase. The concentrations of the Cr ions were similar in experimental cells with either intact or damaged skin. The evaluation of metal ion percentage for Cr showed that the skin contained 99% of the Cr ions. The authors suggested that it was likely that the synthetic sweat solution (pH 4.5) was not efficient enough to oxidise more than a small fraction of metallic chromium to soluble Cr ions.
Percutaneous absorption
- Remarks on result:
- other:
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- The in vitro dermal absorption test showed no differences in the permeation of Cr metal through intact or damaged skin barriers. A high Cr concentration was found in the damaged skin, suggesting a strong binding of Cr to skin proteins. 99% of the total Cr(III) ions were observed in the skin. It can be concluded that the skin penetration properties of chromium are very low, even in the case of damaged skin.
- Executive summary:
The percutaneous penetration of chromium metal powder, and the effects of skin lesions were studied in an in vitro model. Franz diffusion cells with intact and damaged human skin were used for the tests. Cr powder was dispersed in synthetic sweat at pH 4.5 and applied as donor phase to the outer surfce of the skin for 24 h. PBS (pH 7.35) was used for the receiving phase. The amount of metal permeating or bound to the skin was analysed by electro-thermal atomic absorption spectrometry. No significant differences were observed between Cr permeation through intact or damaged skin. 99% of the Cr ions were detected in the skin samples, indicating very low skin penetration properties of chromium.
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