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EC number: 208-798-4 | CAS number: 542-08-5
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 2020-06-11 to 2020-08-21
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 201 (Freshwater Alga and Cyanobacteria, Growth Inhibition Test)
- Version / remarks:
- Adopted March 23, 2006, corrected July 28, 2011
- Deviations:
- no
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- EU Method C.3 (Algal Inhibition test)
- Version / remarks:
- "Freshwater Algae and Cyanobacteria, Growth Inhibition Test ", Official Journal of the European Union (EN), dated August 24, 2009
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- yes (incl. QA statement)
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Details on sampling:
- The samples were taken from the biological phase of the study. Duplicate samples from the freshly prepared test media (containing algae) of all test concentrations and from the control were taken at the start of the test. For the determination of the stability of the test item under the test conditions and of the maintenance of the test item concentrations during the test period, duplicate samples from the test media of all test concentrations and the control (containing algae) were taken at the end of the test (after the 72 hours test period) by pouring together the contents of the test beakers of each treatment. All samples remained untreated. All samples were stored in a freezer (< - 20 °C), protected from light until analysis was performed.
- Vehicle:
- yes
- Details on test solutions:
- PREPARATION AND APPLICATION OF TEST SOLUTION
The test medium of the highest test concentration of nominal 100 mg test item/L was prepared by dissolving 96.8 mg test item into 968 mL test water by intense stirring for 25 minutes. Adequate volumes of this test medium were diluted with test water to prepare the test media of the other desired test concentrations. The test media were prepared just before introduction of the algae (= start of the test). - Test organisms (species):
- Raphidocelis subcapitata (previous names: Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, Selenastrum capricornutum)
- Details on test organisms:
- TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: green algae
- Strain: Strain No. 61.81 SAG
- Source: Collection of Algal Cultures, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
- Cell density: 5000 algal cells /mL - Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 72 h
- Hardness:
- 0.24 mmol/L (= 24 mg/L) as CaCO3
- Test temperature:
- 22.0 - 22.7 °C
- pH:
- 8.2 - 8.9 (in the control group);
7.9 - 9.1 (in the treatment group) - Nominal and measured concentrations:
- Nominal concentration: 100, 32, 10, 3.2 and 1.0 mg test item/L;
Measured concentration: mean of 93 % of nominal. - Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Test vessel: Erlenmeyer flasks of 50 mL volume
- Type: closed
- Initial cells density: 5000 algal cells /mL
- No. of vessels per concentration (replicates): 3
- No. of vessels per control (replicates): 6
GROWTH MEDIUM
- Standard medium used: yes
TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS
- Source/preparation of dilution water: OECD medium
OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Adjustment of pH: no
- Photoperiod: continuous illumination
- Light intensity: 5222 lux (range: 4510 to 5940 lux)
EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED:
- Determination of cell concentrations: spectrophotometer
TEST CONCENTRATIONS
- Spacing factor for test concentrations: 3.16
RANGE FINDING STUDY
- Test concentrations: 100, 32, 10, 3.2 and 1.0 mg test item/L
- Results used to determine the conditions for the definitive study: yes - Reference substance (positive control):
- yes
- Remarks:
- Potassium dichromate
- Key result
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- > 93.9 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (geom. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- > 93.9 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (geom. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- biomass
- Key result
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- > 93.9 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (geom. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 27 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (geom. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- biomass
- Remarks on result:
- other: 95 % conf. interval: 14.8 - 59.0 mg/L
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 30.3 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (geom. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 30.3 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (geom. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- biomass
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 93.9 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (geom. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 93.9 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (geom. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- biomass
- Details on results:
- The microscopic examination of the shape of the algal cells after 72 hours of test duration did not show any difference between the algae that had been growing up to a nominal test concentration of 100 mg test item/L and the algal cells in the control. Thus, the shape of the algal cells was not obviously affected up to this test concentration, the highest concentration tested
- Results with reference substance (positive control):
- - Results with reference substance valid? Yes
For the evaluation of the reliability of the test system and the experimental conditions Potassium dichromate is tested at least twice a year. The last study with the reference item Potassium dichromate was performed in January 2020 and the following results were obtained:
The 72h ErC50: 0.858 mg/L, (95% confidence limits: 0.811 - 0.919 mg/L)
The 72h EyC50: 0.470 mg/L, (95% confidence limits: 0.450 - 0.488 mg/L) - Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Conclusions:
- The effect of the test item on algal growth was assessed using the freshwater green alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata according to OECD TG 201 showed the following results: The 72-hour EyC50 was calculated to be > 93.9 mg test item/L and the 72-hour ErC50 value was calculated to be > 93.9 mg test item/L. The 72-hour EyC10 was calculated to be 27.0 mg test item/L (95% CI: 14.8 - 59.0 mg/L) and the 72-hour ErC10 value was calculated to be > 93.9 mg test item/L. The 72-hour NOEyC was determined to be 30.3 mg test item/L and the associated 72-hour LOEyC was 93.9 mg test item/L. The 72-hour NOErC was determined to be 30.3 mg test item/L and the associated 72-hour LOErC was 93.9 mg test item/L.
- Executive summary:
The acute toxicity of the test item was investigated in a GLP-study according to OECD TG 201 using unicellular freshwater green alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata. For this purpose, exponentially growing cultures of this unicellular green algal species were exposed to various concentrations (100, 32, 10, 3.2 and 1.0 mg test item/L (spacing factor 3.16)) of the test item under defined conditions. The inhibition of growth in relation to control cultures was determined over a test period of 72 hours, and thus over several algal generations. The test method and the test species Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata are recommended by the guideline. This study encompassed 6 treatment groups (5 dose rates of the test item and a control) with three replicates per test concentration and six replicates for the control. At test start 50 mL of the test media were inoculated with nominal 5000 algal cells per mL test medium and defined volumes of the algal suspensions were sampled after 24, 48 and 72 hours for determination of cell densities by spectrophotometric measurement. The quantification of the test item in the test samples was performed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV detection. The purpose of the analytical part of this study was to verify the concentrations of the test item in the test medium. The initial concentrations and the maintenance of the exposure concentrations during the test were verified in the analytical part. At the start of the test 100 % of the nominal test concentrations were found (average of all test concentrations). After 72 hours test duration, 83 % of the nominal value was determined (average of all test concentrations). Intermediate samples at 24-hours and 48-hours were taken to track the concentration decrease during the course of the test. During the test the algae were exposed to a mean of 93 % of the nominal concentration. All reported results refer to nominal values. Thus, the 72-hour EyC50 was calculated to be > 93.9 mg test item/L and the 72-hour ErC50 value was calculated to be > 93.9 mg test item/L. The 72-hour NOEyC was determined to be 30.3 mg test item/L and the associated 72-hour LOEyC was 93.9 mg test item/L. The 72-hour NOErC was determined to be 30.3 mg test item/L and the associated 72-hour LOErC was 93.9 mg test item/L. No abnormal appearance of the algal cells was observed during the experiment.
Reference
Biological Results
Table 1: Influence of the test item on the Growth of Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata
Parameter |
Yield [mg test item/L] |
Growth rate [mg test item/L] |
72-hour EC50 |
> 93.9 |
> 93.9 |
95 % conf. interval |
n.d. |
n.d. |
72-hour EC20 |
> 93.9 |
> 93.9 |
95 % conf. interval |
n.d. |
n.d. |
72-hour EC10 |
27.0 |
> 93.9 |
95 % conf. interval |
14.8 - 59.0 |
n.d. |
72-hour NOEC |
30.3 |
30.3 |
72-hour LOEC |
93.9 |
93.9 |
n.d. = not determinable
Values refer to geometric mean measured test concentrations
Analytical Results
Table 2: Summary of Analytical Results
Sample Description [mg test item/L] |
fresh (0h) |
aged (24h) |
aged (48h) |
aged (72h) |
Geometric Mean 2,3 |
|||||||||
|
% of nominal1 |
RSD (%) |
n |
% of nominal1 |
RSD (%) |
n |
% of nominal1 |
RSD (%) |
n |
% of nominal1 |
RSD (%) |
n |
(%) |
(mg test item/L) |
Control |
< LOD |
n.a. |
2 |
< LOD |
n.a. |
2 |
< LOD |
n.a. |
2 |
< LOD |
n.a. |
2 |
n.a. |
n.a. |
1.0 |
94 |
5 |
2 |
93 |
4 |
2 |
87 |
8 |
2 |
65 |
9 |
2 |
86 |
0.859 |
3.2 |
100 |
0 |
2 |
98 |
2 |
2 |
92 |
14 |
2 |
80 |
9 |
2 |
93 |
2.98 |
10 |
108 |
2 |
2 |
105 |
1 |
2 |
92 |
1 |
2 |
92 |
1 |
2 |
99 |
9.86 |
32 |
98 |
2 |
2 |
99 |
2 |
2 |
93 |
2 |
2 |
88 |
0 |
2 |
95 |
30.3 |
100 |
98 |
0 |
2 |
96 |
2 |
2 |
93 |
4 |
2 |
89 |
1 |
2 |
94 |
93.9 |
1 Mean value of all measured samples per treatment group
2 Calculated according to OECD Guidance Document No. 23, Annex 2
3 The tabulated results represent results rounded to three significant digits
LOD: Limit of Detection (= 0.2 mg test item/L)
RSD: relative standard deviation per treatment group
n: number of analysed samples
n.a.: not applicable
Table 3: Algal Cell Densities during the Test Period of 72 Hours
Geometric mean measured concentration [mg test item/L] |
Flask No. |
Yield y [10000 cells/mL] after |
||
24 hours |
48 hours |
72 hours |
||
Control |
1 |
1.491 |
15.366 |
71.548 |
2 |
1.946 |
21.735 |
113.628 |
|
3 |
2.173 |
20.597 |
112.264 |
|
4 |
2.173 |
19.233 |
120.680 |
|
5 |
2.628 |
19.233 |
118.860 |
|
6 |
2.173 |
19.233 |
116.130 |
|
m |
2.097 |
19.233 |
108.852 |
|
s |
0.371 |
2.148 |
18.542 |
|
0.859 |
1 |
2.173 |
20.597 |
116.585 |
2 |
2.856 |
24.464 |
142.061 |
|
3 |
2.401 |
21.507 |
131.370 |
|
m |
2.477 |
22.190 |
130.005 |
|
s |
0.347 |
2.022 |
12.792 |
|
2.98 |
1 |
1.491 |
16.276 |
100.436 |
2 |
1.718 |
22.190 |
130.460 |
|
3 |
1.946 |
18.323 |
119.997 |
|
m |
1.718 |
18.929 |
116.964 |
|
s |
0.227 |
3.003 |
15.240 |
|
9.86 |
1 |
2.628 |
23.100 |
138.194 |
2 |
2.628 |
22.417 |
129.323 |
|
3 |
2.401 |
21.735 |
131.598 |
|
m |
2.552 |
22.417 |
133.038 |
|
s |
0.131 |
0.682 |
4.608 |
|
30.3 |
1 |
2.628 |
20.143 |
130.688 |
2 |
2.173 |
20.825 |
105.212 |
|
3 |
2.401 |
17.868 |
99.753 |
|
m |
2.401 |
19.612 |
111.884 |
|
s |
0.227 |
1.548 |
16.511 |
|
93.9 |
1 |
2.401 |
19.460 |
86.333 |
2 |
1.946 |
16.048 |
84.514 |
|
3 |
1.946 |
15.593 |
85.878 |
|
m |
2.097 |
17.034 |
85.575 |
|
s |
0.263 |
2.113 |
0.947 |
m: mean value;
s: standard deviation At test start nominal 5000 algal cells/mL were inoculated
Table 4: Yield during the Test Period of 72 Hours
Geometric mean measured concentration [mg test item/L] |
Flask No. |
Yield y [10000 cells/mL] after |
||
24 hours |
48 hours |
72 hours |
||
Control |
1 |
0.991 |
14.866 |
71.048 |
2 |
1.446 |
21.235 |
113.128 |
|
3 |
1.673 |
20.097 |
111.764 |
|
4 |
1.673 |
18.733 |
120.180 |
|
5 |
2.128 |
18.733 |
118.360 |
|
6 |
1.673 |
18.733 |
115.630 |
|
m |
1.597 |
18.733 |
108.352 |
|
s |
0.371 |
2.148 |
18.542 |
|
0.859 |
1 |
1.673 |
20.097 |
116.085 |
2 |
2.356 |
23.964 |
141.561 |
|
3 |
1.901 |
21.007 |
130.870 |
|
m |
1.977 |
21.690 |
129.505 |
|
s |
0.347 |
2.022 |
12.792 |
|
2.98 |
1 |
0.991 |
15.776 |
99.936 |
2 |
1.218 |
21.690 |
129.960 |
|
3 |
1.446 |
17.823 |
119.497 |
|
m |
1.218 |
18.429 |
116.464 |
|
s |
0.227 |
3.003 |
15.240 |
|
9.86 |
1 |
2.128 |
22.600 |
137.694 |
2 |
2.128 |
21.917 |
128.823 |
|
3 |
1.901 |
21.235 |
131.098 |
|
m |
2.052 |
21.917 |
132.538 |
|
s |
0.131 |
0.682 |
4.608 |
|
30.3 |
1 |
2.128 |
19.643 |
130.188 |
2 |
1.673 |
20.325 |
104.712 |
|
3 |
1.901 |
17.368 |
99.253 |
|
m |
1.901 |
19.112 |
111.384 |
|
s |
0.227 |
1.548 |
16.511 |
|
93.9 |
1 |
1.901 |
18.960 |
85.833 |
2 |
1.446 |
15.548 |
84.014 |
|
3 |
1.446 |
15.093 |
85.378 |
|
m |
1.597 |
16.534 |
85.075 |
|
s |
0.263 |
2.113 |
0.947 |
m: mean value; s: standard deviation
Table 5: Growth rate during the Test Period of 72 Hours
Geometric mean measured concentration [mg test item/L] |
Flask No. |
Yield y [10000 cells/mL] after |
||
24 hours |
48 hours |
72 hours |
||
Control |
1 |
1.491 |
15.366 |
71.548 |
2 |
1.946 |
21.735 |
113.628 |
|
3 |
2.173 |
20.597 |
112.264 |
|
4 |
2.173 |
19.233 |
120.680 |
|
5 |
2.628 |
19.233 |
118.860 |
|
6 |
2.173 |
19.233 |
116.130 |
|
m |
2.097 |
19.233 |
108.852 |
|
s |
0.371 |
2.148 |
18.542 |
|
0.859 |
1 |
2.173 |
20.597 |
116.585 |
2 |
2.856 |
24.464 |
142.061 |
|
3 |
2.401 |
21.507 |
131.370 |
|
m |
2.477 |
22.190 |
130.005 |
|
s |
0.347 |
2.022 |
12.792 |
|
2.98 |
1 |
1.491 |
16.276 |
100.436 |
2 |
1.718 |
22.190 |
130.460 |
|
3 |
1.946 |
18.323 |
119.997 |
|
m |
1.718 |
18.929 |
116.964 |
|
s |
0.227 |
3.003 |
15.240 |
|
9.86 |
1 |
2.628 |
23.100 |
138.194 |
2 |
2.628 |
22.417 |
129.323 |
|
3 |
2.401 |
21.735 |
131.598 |
|
m |
2.552 |
22.417 |
133.038 |
|
s |
0.131 |
0.682 |
4.608 |
|
30.3 |
1 |
2.628 |
20.143 |
130.688 |
2 |
2.173 |
20.825 |
105.212 |
|
3 |
2.401 |
17.868 |
99.753 |
|
m |
2.401 |
19.612 |
111.884 |
|
s |
0.227 |
1.548 |
16.511 |
|
93.9 |
1 |
2.401 |
19.460 |
86.333 |
2 |
1.946 |
16.048 |
84.514 |
|
3 |
1.946 |
15.593 |
85.878 |
|
m |
2.097 |
17.034 |
85.575 |
|
s |
0.263 |
2.113 |
0.947 |
m: mean value; s: standard deviation
Table 6: Results of the Most Recent Test with Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata performed with the Reference Item Potassium Dichromate in January 2020
Parameter (0-72 h) |
Yield [mg test item/L] |
Growth rate [mg test item/L] |
Biomass [mg test item/L] |
72-hour EC50 |
0.470 |
0.858 |
0.495 |
95 % conf. interval |
0.450 - 0.488 |
0.811 - 0.919 |
0.471 - 0.518 |
72-hour EC20 |
0.316 |
0.573 |
0.308 |
95 % conf. interval |
0.289 - 0.339 |
0.540 - 0.603 |
0.277 - 0.334 |
72-hour EC10 |
0.256 |
0.464 |
0.240 |
95 % conf. interval |
0.228 - 0.281 |
0.424 - 0.498 |
0.209 - 0.267 |
72-hour NOEC |
0.20 |
0.20 |
0.063 |
72-hour LOEC |
0.63 |
0.63 |
0.20 |
Description of key information
The effect of the test item on algal growth was assessed using the freshwater green alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata according to OECD TG 201 and showed the following results: The 72-hour EyC50 was calculated to be > 93.9 mg test item/L and the 72-hour ErC50 value was calculated to be > 93.9 mg test item/L. The 72-hour EyC10 was calculated to be 27.0 mg test item/L (95% CI: 14.8 - 59.0 mg/L) and the 72-hour ErC10 value was calculated to be > 93.9 mg test item/L. The 72-hour NOEyC was determined to be 30.3 mg test item/L and the associated 72-hour LOEyC was 93.9 mg test item/L. The 72-hour NOErC was determined to be 30.3 mg test item/L and the associated 72-hour LOErC was 93.9 mg test item/L (reference 6.1.5-1).
Key value for chemical safety assessment
- EC10 or NOEC for freshwater algae:
- 30.3 mg/L
Additional information
The acute toxicity of the test item was investigated in a GLP-study according to OECD TG 201 using unicellular freshwater green alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata. For this purpose, exponentially growing cultures of this unicellular green algal species were exposed to various concentrations (100, 32, 10, 3.2 and 1.0 mg test item/L (spacing factor 3.16)) of the test item under defined conditions. The inhibition of growth in relation to control cultures was determined over a test period of 72 hours, and thus over several algal generations. The test method and the test species Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata are recommended by the guideline. This study encompassed 6 treatment groups (5 dose rates of the test item and a control) with three replicates per test concentration and six replicates for the control. At test start 50 mL of the test media were inoculated with nominal 5000 algal cells per mL test medium and defined volumes of the algal suspensions were sampled after 24, 48 and 72 hours for determination of cell densities by spectrophotometric measurement. The quantification of the test item in the test samples was performed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV detection. The purpose of the analytical part of this study was to verify the concentrations of the test item in the test medium. The initial concentrations and the maintenance of the exposure concentrations during the test were verified in the analytical part. At the start of the test 100 % of the nominal test concentrations were found (average of all test concentrations). After 72 hours test duration, 83 % of the nominal value was determined (average of all test concentrations). Intermediate samples at 24-hours and 48-hours were taken to track the concentration decrease during the course of the test. During the test the algae were exposed to a mean of 93 % of the nominal concentration. All reported results refer to nominal values. Thus, the 72-hour EyC50 was calculated to be > 93.9 mg test item/L and the 72-hour ErC50 value was calculated to be > 93.9 mg test item/L. The 72-hour NOEyC was determined to be 30.3 mg test item/L and the associated 72-hour LOEyC was 93.9 mg test item/L. The 72-hour NOErC was determined to be 30.3 mg test item/L and the associated 72-hour LOErC was 93.9 mg test item/L. No abnormal appearance of the algal cells was observed during the experiment.
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